Walter Gilbert

Walter Gilbert is an American physicist, biochemist and a pioneer in molecular biology. He is also a Nobel Laureate with Fredrick Sanger and Paul Berg.

Gilbert was awarded Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize with Sanger from the Columbia University in 1979. This was followed by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980. Gilbert and Sanger were awarded for their study on the methods for determining base sequence of nucleotides.

Gilbert also introduced the terms intron and exon.  Together with Allan Maxam he worked to develop new DNA sequencing methods based on chemical modifications of DNA.  Gilbert also designed a procedure called as equilibrium dialysis to determine degree of ion bonding by proteins.

Gilbert educated from Harvard University and University of Cambridge. He did his PhD thesis under Nobel Laureate Dr. Abdus Salam. He is currently the chairperson of the Harvard Society of Fellows.

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Chemist CHEMIST (Molecular Biologist)
Walter Gilbert
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1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

1979 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize

1. Isenbarger Thomas A; Carr Christopher E; Johnson Sarah Stewart; Finney Michael; Church George M; Gilbert Walter; Zuber Maria T; Ruvkun Gary. The most conserved genome segments for life detection on Earth and other planets. Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere : the journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life 2008;38(6):517-33.

2. Roy Scott William; Gilbert Walter. The evolution of spliceosomal introns: patterns, puzzles and progress. Nature reviews. Genetics 2006;7(3):211-21.

3. Roy Scott William; Gilbert Walter. Rates of intron loss and gain: implications for early eukaryotic evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005;102(16):5773-8.

4. Roy Scott William; Gilbert Walter. Resolution of a deep animal divergence by the pattern of intron conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005;102(12):4403-8.

5. Roy Scott W; Gilbert Walter. Complex early genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005;102(6):1986-91.

6. Roy Scott W; Gilbert Walter. The pattern of intron loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005;102(3):713-8.

7. Fedorov Alexei; Roy Scott; Fedorova Larisa; Gilbert Walter. Mystery of intron gain. Genome research 2003;13(10):2236-41.

8. Saxonov Serge; Gilbert Walter. The universe of exons revisited. Genetica 2003;118(2-3):267-78.

9. Roy Scott W; Fedorov Alexei; Gilbert Walter. Large-scale comparison of intron positions in mammalian genes shows intron loss but no gain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003;100(12):7158-62.

10. Fedorov Alexei; Roy Scott; Cao Xiaohong; Gilbert Walter. Phylogenetically older introns strongly correlate with module boundaries in ancient proteins. Genome research 2003;13(6A):1155-7.

11. Fedorov Alexei; Merican Amir Feisal; Gilbert Walter. Large-scale comparison of intron positions among animal, plant, and fungal genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002;99(25):16128-33.

12. Roy Scott William; Fedorov Alexei; Gilbert Walter. The signal of ancient introns is obscured by intron density and homolog number. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002;99(24):15513-7.

13. Endo Toshinori; Fedorov Alexei; de Souza Sandro J; Gilbert Walter. Do introns favor or avoid regions of amino acid conservation? Molecular biology and evolution 2002;19(4):521-252.

14. Fedorov Alexei; Saxonov Serge; Gilbert Walter. Regularities of context-dependent codon bias in eukaryotic genes. Nucleic acids research 2002;30(5):1192-7.

15. Fedorov A; Cao X; Saxonov S; de Souza S J; Roy S W; Gilbert W. Intron distribution difference for 276 ancient and 131 modern genes suggests the existence of ancient introns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001;98(23):13177-82.

16. Roy S W; Lewis B P; Fedorov A; Gilbert W. Footprints of primordial introns on the eukaryotic genome. Trends in genetics : TIG 2001;17(9):496-501.

17. Ottolenghi C; Daizadeh I; Ju A; Kossida S; Renault G; Jacquet M; Fellous A; Gilbert W; Veitia R. The genomic structure of c14orf1 is conserved across eukarya. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 2000;11(9):786-8.

18. Saxonov S; Daizadeh I; Fedorov A; Gilbert W. EID: the Exon-Intron Database-an exhaustive database of protein-coding intron-containing genes. Nucleic acids research 2000;28(1):185-90.

19. Roy S W; Nosaka M; de Souza S J; Gilbert W. Centripetal modules and ancient introns. Gene 1999;238(1):85-91.

20. de Souza S J; Long M; Klein R J; Roy S; Lin S; Gilbert W. Toward a resolution of the introns early/late debate: only phase zero introns are correlated with the structure of ancient proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998;95(9):5094-9.

21. Long M; de Souza S J; Rosenberg C; Gilbert W. Relationship between ”proto-splice sites” and intron phases: evidence from dicodon analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998;95(1):219-23.

22. de Souza S J; Long M; Schoenbach L; Roy S W; Gilbert W. The correlation between introns and the three-dimensional structure of proteins. Gene 1997;205(1-2):141-4.

23. Long M; de Souza S J; Gilbert W. The yeast splice site revisited: new exon consensus from genomic analysis. Cell 1997;91(6):739-40.

24. Chang H; Gilbert W. A novel zebrafish gene expressed specifically in the photoreceptor cells of the retina. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 1997;237(1):84-9.

25. Gilbert W; de Souza S J; Long M. Origin of genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1997;94(15):7698-703.

26. Bhatia U; Robison K; Gilbert W. Dealing with database explosion: a cautionary note. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1997;276(5319):1724-5.

27. Chang H; Riese D J; Gilbert W; Stern D F; McMahan U J. Ligands for ErbB-family receptors encoded by a neuregulin-like gene. Nature 1997;387(6632):509-12.

28. Long M; de Souza S J; Gilbert W. Delta-interacting protein A and the origin of hepatitis delta antigen. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1997;276(5313):824-5.

29. Conway G; Margoliath A; Wong-Madden S; Roberts R J; Gilbert W. Jak1 kinase is required for cell migrations and anterior specification in zebrafish embryos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1997;94(7):3082-7.

30. de Souza S J; Long M; Schoenbach L; Roy S W; Gilbert W. Intron positions correlate with module boundaries in ancient proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996;93(25):14632-6.

31. Alvarez C E; Robison K; Gilbert W. Novel Gq alpha isoform is a candidate transducer of rhodopsin signaling in a Drosophila testes-autonomous pacemaker. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996;93(22):12278-82.

32. Lam W L; Lee T S; Gilbert W. Active transposition in zebrafish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996;93(20):10870-5.

33. Long M; de Souza S J; Rosenberg C; Gilbert W. Exon shuffling and the origin of the mitochondrial targeting function in plant cytochrome c1 precursor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996;93(15):7727-31.

34. de Souza S J; Long M; Gilbert W. Introns and gene evolution. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 1996;1(6):493-505.

35. Lam W L; Seo P; Robison K; Virk S; Gilbert W. Discovery of amphibian Tc1-like transposon families. Journal of molecular biology 1996;257(2):359-66.

36. Long M; Rosenberg C; Gilbert W. Intron phase correlations and the evolution of the intron/exon structure of genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1995;92(26):12495-9.

37. Long M; de Souza S J; Gilbert W. Evolution of the intron-exon structure of eukaryotic genes. Current opinion in genetics & development 1995;5(6):774-8.

38. Frantz J D; Gilbert W. A novel yeast gene product, G4p1, with a specific affinity for quadruplex nucleic acids. The Journal of biological chemistry 1995;270(35):20692-7.

39. Dolan M; Ally A; Purzycki M S; Gilbert W; Gillevet P M. Large-scale genomic sequencing: optimization of genomic chemical sequencing reactions. BioTechniques 1995;19(2):264-8, 270-4.

40. Liu Z; Lee A; Gilbert W. Gene disruption of a G4-DNA-dependent nuclease in yeast leads to cellular senescence and telomere shortening. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1995;92(13):6002-6.

41. Bork P; Ouzounis C; Casari G; Schneider R; Sander C; Dolan M; Gilbert W; Gillevet P M. Exploring the Mycoplasma capricolum genome: a minimal cell reveals its physiology. Molecular microbiology 1995;16(5):955-67.

42. Dorit R L; Akashi H; Gilbert W. Absence of polymorphism at the ZFY locus on the human Y chromosome. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1995;268(5214):1183-5.

43. Frantz J D; Gilbert W. A yeast gene product, G4p2, with a specific affinity for quadruplex nucleic acids. The Journal of biological chemistry 1995;270(16):9413-9.

44. Smith S W; Overbeek R; Woese C R; Gilbert W; Gillevet P M. The genetic data environment an expandable GUI for multiple sequence analysis. Computer applications in the biosciences : CABIOS 1994;10(6):671-5.

45. Marsh-Armstrong N; McCaffery P; Gilbert W; Dowling J E; Dräger U C. Retinoic acid is necessary for development of the ventral retina in zebrafish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994;91(15):7286-90.

46. Liu Z; Gilbert W. The yeast KEM1 gene encodes a nuclease specific for G4 tetraplex DNA: implication of in vivo functions for this novel DNA structure. Cell 1994;77(7):1083-92.

47. Strehlow D; Heinrich G; Gilbert W. The fates of the blastomeres of the 16-cell zebrafish embryo. Development (Cambridge, England) 1994;120(7):1791-8.

48. Robison K; Gilbert W; Church G M. Large scale bacterial gene discovery by similarity search. Nature genetics 1994;7(2):205-14.

49. Landweber L F; Gilbert W. Phylogenetic analysis of RNA editing: a primitive genetic phenomenon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994;91(3):918-21.

50. Gilbert W; Glynias M. On the ancient nature of introns. Gene 1993;135(1-2):137-44.

51. Landweber L F; Fiks A G; Gilbert W. The boundaries of partially edited transcripts are not conserved in kinetoplastids: implications for the guide RNA model of editing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993;90(20):9242-6.

52. Landweber L F; Gilbert W. RNA editing as a source of genetic variation. Nature 1993;363(6425):179-82.

53. Liu Z; Frantz J D; Gilbert W; Tye B K. Identification and characterization of a nuclease activity specific for G4 tetrastranded DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993;90(8):3157-61.

54. Dorit R L; Ohara O; Gilbert W. One-sided anchored polymerase chain reaction for amplification and sequencing of complementary DNA. Methods in enzymology 1993;218():36-47.

55. Sen D; Gilbert W. Novel DNA superstructures formed by telomere-like oligomers. Biochemistry 1992;31(1):65-70.

56. Maxam A M; Gilbert W. A new method for sequencing DNA. 1977. Biotechnology (Reading, Mass.) 1992;24():99-103.

57. Talmadge K; Kaufman J; Gilbert W. Bacteria mature preproinsulin to proinsulin. 1980. Biotechnology (Reading, Mass.) 1992;24():358-62.

58. Villa-Komaroff L; Efstratiadis A; Broome S; Lomedico P; Tizard R; Naber S P; Chick W L; Gilbert W. A bacterial clone synthesizing proinsulin. 1978. Biotechnology (Reading, Mass.) 1992;24():316-20.

59. Broome S; Gilbert W. Immunological screening method to detect specific translation products. 1978. Biotechnology (Reading, Mass.) 1992;24():113-6.

60. Dorit R L; Gilbert W. The limited universe of exons. Current opinion in genetics & development 1991;1(4):464-9.

61. Fulwiler C; Gilbert W. Zebrafish embryology and neural development. Current opinion in cell biology 1991;3(6):988-91.

62. Gilbert W. DNA sequencing, today and tomorrow. Hospital practice (Office ed.) 1991;26(10):165-9, 172, 174.

63. Stainier D Y; Gilbert W. Neuronal differentiation and maturation in the mouse trigeminal sensory system, in vivo and in vitro. The Journal of comparative neurology 1991;311(2):300-12.

64. Stainier D Y; Bilder D H; Gilbert W. Spatial domains in the developing forebrain: developmental regulation of a restricted cell surface protein. Developmental biology 1991;147(1):22-31.

65. Stainier D Y; Bilder D H; Gilbert W. The B30 ganglioside is a cell surface marker for neural crest-derived neurons in the developing mouse. Developmental biology 1991;144(1):177-88.

66. Wu C J; Karttunen J T; Chin D H; Sen D; Gilbert W. Murine memory B cells are multi-isotype expressors. Immunology 1991;72(1):48-55.

67. Dorit R L; Schoenbach L; Gilbert W. How big is the universe of exons? Science (New York, N.Y.) 1990;250(4986):1377-82.

68. Bursztajn S; Berman S A; Gilbert W. Factors released by ciliary neurons and spinal cord explants induce acetylcholine receptor mRNA expression in cultured muscle cells. Journal of neurobiology 1990;21(3):387-99.

69. Sen D; Gilbert W. A sodium-potassium switch in the formation of four-stranded G4-DNA. Nature 1990;344(6265):410-4.

70. Ruvkun G; Gilbert W; Horvitz H R. Detection of mutations and DNA polymorphisms using whole genome Southern Cross hybridization. Nucleic acids research 1990;18(4):809-15.

71. Stainier D Y; Gilbert W. Pioneer neurons in the mouse trigeminal sensory system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1990;87(3):923-7.

72. Ulanovsky L; Drouin G; Gilbert W. DNA trapping electrophoresis. Nature 1990;343(6254):190-2.

73. Ohara O; Dorit R L; Gilbert W. Direct genomic sequencing of bacterial DNA: the pyruvate kinase I gene of Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1989;86(18):6883-7.

74. Ohara O; Dorit R L; Gilbert W. One-sided polymerase chain reaction: the amplification of cDNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1989;86(15):5673-7.

75. Stainier D Y; Gilbert W. The monoclonal antibody B30 recognizes a specific neuronal cell surface antigen in the developing mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus of the mouse. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 1989;9(7):2468-85.

76. Sen D; Gilbert W. Formation of parallel four-stranded complexes by guanine-rich motifs in DNA and its implications for meiosis. Nature 1988;334(6180):364-6.

77. Gilbert W. Human genome sequencing. Basic life sciences 1988;46():29-36.

78. Jay D G; Gilbert W. Basic protein enhances the incorporation of DNA into lipid vesicles: model for the formation of primordial cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1987;84(7):1978-80.

79. Gilbert W. The exon theory of genes. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1987;52():901-5.

80. Raines R T; Sutton E L; Straus D R; Gilbert W; Knowles J R. Reaction energetics of a mutant triosephosphate isomerase in which the active-site glutamate has been changed to aspartate. Biochemistry 1986;25(22):7142-54.

81. Gilbert W; Marchionni M; McKnight G. On the antiquity of introns. Cell 1986;46(2):151-3.

82. Marchionni M; Gilbert W. The triosephosphate isomerase gene from maize: introns antedate the plant-animal divergence. Cell 1986;46(1):133-41.

83. Maxam A M; Gilbert W. [A method for determining DNA sequence by labeling the end of the molecule and cleaving at the base. Isolation of DNA fragments, end-labeling, cleavage, electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and analysis of results]. Molekuliarnaia biologiia 1986;20(3):581-638.

84. Gilbert W. Evolution of antibodies. The road not taken. Nature 1986;320(6062):485-6.

85. Straus D; Gilbert W. Genetic engineering in the Precambrian: structure of the chicken triosephosphate isomerase gene. Molecular and cellular biology 1985;5(12):3497-506.

86. Gilbert W. Genes-in-pieces revisited. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1985;228(4701):823-4.

87. Straus D; Raines R; Kawashima E; Knowles J R; Gilbert W. Active site of triosephosphate isomerase: in vitro mutagenesis and characterization of an altered enzyme. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1985;82(8):2272-6.

88. Straus D; Gilbert W. Chicken triosephosphate isomerase complements an Escherichia coli deficiency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1985;82(7):2014-8.

89. Broome S; Gilbert W. Rous sarcoma virus encodes a transcriptional activator. Cell 1985;40(3):537-46.

90. Church G M; Ephrussi A; Gilbert W; Tonegawa S. Cell-type-specific contacts to immunoglobulin enhancers in nuclei. Nature 1985;313(6005):798-801.

91. Nick H; Gilbert W. Detection in vivo of protein-DNA interactions within the lac operon of Escherichia coli. Nature 1985;313(6005):795-8.

92. Ephrussi A; Church G M; Tonegawa S; Gilbert W. B lineage–specific interactions of an immunoglobulin enhancer with cellular factors in vivo. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1985;227(4683):134-40.

93. Lonberg N; Gilbert W. Intron/exon structure of the chicken pyruvate kinase gene. Cell 1985;40(1):81-90.

94. Church G M; Gilbert W. The genomic sequencing technique. Progress in clinical and biological research 1985;177():17-21.

95. Perlmutter A P; Gilbert W. Antibodies of the secondary response can be expressed without switch recombination in normal mouse B cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1984;81(22):7189-93.

96. Church G M; Gilbert W. Genomic sequencing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1984;81(7):1991-5.

97. Herr W; Gilbert W. Free and integrated recombinant murine leukemia virus DNAs appear in preleukemic thymuses of AKR/J mice. Journal of virology 1984;50(1):155-62.

98. Herr W; Perlmutter A P; Gilbert W. Monoclonal AKR/J thymic leukemias contain multiple JH immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1983;80(24):7433-6.

99. Lonberg N; Gilbert W. Primary structure of chicken muscl pyruvate kinase mRNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1983;80(12):3661-5.

100. Cate R L; Chick W; Gilbert W. Comparison of the methylation patterns of the two rat insulin genes. The Journal of biological chemistry 1983;258(10):6645-52.

101. Herr W; Gilbert W. Somatically acquired recombinant murine leukemia proviruses in thymic leukemias of AKR/J mice. Journal of virology 1983;46(1):70-82.

102. Schwartz D E; Tizard R; Gilbert W. Nucleotide sequence of Rous sarcoma virus. Cell 1983;32(3):853-69.

103. Herr W; Schwartz D; Gilbert W. Isolation and mapping of cDNA hybridization probes specific for ecotropic and nonecotropic murine leukemia proviruses. Virology 1983;125(1):139-54.

104. Herr W; Corbin V; Gilbert W. Nucleotide sequence of the 3’ half of AKV. Nucleic acids research 1982;10(21):6931-44.

105. Herr W; Gilbert W. Germ-line MuLV reintegrations in AKR/J mice. Nature 1982;296(5860):865-8.

106. Talmadge K; Gilbert W. Cellular location affects protein stability in Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1982;79(6):1830-3.

107. Gilbert W. DNA sequencing and gene structure. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1981;214(4527):1305-12.

108. Talmadge K; Brosius J; Gilbert W. An ’internal’ signal sequence directs secretion and processing or proinsulin in bacteria. Nature 1981;294(5837):176-8.

109. MacKay P; Pasek M; Magazin M; Kovacic R T; Allet B; Stahl S; Gilbert W; Schaller H; Bruce S A; Murray K. Production of immunologically active surface antigens of hepatitis B virus by Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1981;78(7):4510-4.

110. Gilbert W. DNA sequencing and gene structure Nobel lecture, 8 December 1980. Bioscience reports 1981;1(5):353-75.

111. Gilbert W. Expression of active polypeptides in E. coli. Recombinant DNA technical bulletin 1981;4(1):4-5.

112. Wu C; Gilbert W. Tissue-specific exposure of chromatin structure at the 5’ terminus of the rat preproinsulin II gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1981;78(3):1577-80.

113. Peattie D A; Gilbert W. Chemical probes for higher-order structure in RNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1980;77(8):4679-82.

114. Talmadge K; Kaufman J; Gilbert W. Bacteria mature preproinsulin to proinsulin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1980;77(7):3988-92.

115. Perler F; Efstratiadis A; Lomedico P; Gilbert W; Kolodner R; Dodgson J. The evolution of genes: the chicken preproinsulin gene. Cell 1980;20(2):555-66.

116. Talmadge K; Stahl S; Gilbert W. Eukaryotic signal sequence transports insulin antigen in Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1980;77(6):3369-73.

117. Siebenlist U; Simpson R B; Gilbert W. E. coli RNA polymerase interacts homologously with two different promoters. Cell 1980;20(2):269-81.

118. Gilbert W; Villa-Komaroff L. Useful proteins from recombinant bacteria. Scientific American 1980;242(4):74-94.

119. Siebenlist U; Gilbert W. Contacts between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and an early promoter of phage T7. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1980;77(1):122-6.

120. Villa-Komaroff L; Broome S; Naber S P; Efstratiadis A; Lomedico P; Tizard R; Chick W L; Gilbert W. The synthesis of insulin in bacteria: a model for the production of medically useful proteins in prokaryotic cells. Birth defects original article series 1980;16(1):53-68.

121. Lomedico P T; Rosenthal N; Kolodner R; Efstratiadis A; Gilbert W. The structure of rat preproinsulin genes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1980;343():425-32.

122. Maxam A M; Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods in enzymology 1980;65(1):499-560.

123. Pasek M; Goto T; Gilbert W; Zink B; Schaller H; MacKay P; Leadbetter G; Murray K. Hepatitis B virus genes and their expression in E. coli. Nature 1979;282(5739):575-9.

124. Church G M; Slonimski P P; Gilbert W. Pleiotropic mutations within two yeast mitochondrial cytochrome genes block mRNA processing. Cell 1979;18(4):1209-15.

125. Lomedico P; Rosenthal N; Efstratidadis A; Gilbert W; Kolodner R; Tizard R. The structure and evolution of the two nonallelic rat preproinsulin genes. Cell 1979;18(2):545-58.

126. Ogata R T; Gilbert W. DNA-binding site of lac repressor probed by dimethylsulfate methylation of lac operator. Journal of molecular biology 1979;132(4):709-28.

127. Ogata R T; Gilbert W. An amino-terminal fragment of lac repressor binds specifically to lac operator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1978;75(12):5851-4.

128. Coulondre C; Miller J H; Farabaugh P J; Gilbert W. Molecular basis of base substitution hotspots in Escherichia coli. Nature 1978;274(5673):775-80.

129. Villa-Komaroff L; Efstratiadis A; Broome S; Lomedico P; Tizard R; Naber S P; Chick W L; Gilbert W. A bacterial clone synthesizing proinsulin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1978;75(8):3727-31.

130. Tonegawa S; Maxam A M; Tizard R; Bernard O; Gilbert W. Sequence of a mouse germ-line gene for a variable region of an immunoglobulin light chain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1978;75(3):1485-9.

131. Gilbert W. Why genes in pieces? Nature 1978;271(5645):501.

132. Ogata R; Gilbert W. Contacts between the lac repressor and the thymines in the lac operator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1977;74(11):4973-6.

133. Donis-Keller H; Maxam A M; Gilbert W. Mapping adenines, guanines, and pyrimidines in RNA. Nucleic acids research 1977;4(8):2527-38.

134. Gilbert Walter. Recombinant DNA research: government regulation. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1977;197(4300):208.

135. Maxam A M; Tizard R; Skryabin K G; Gilbert W. Promotor region for yeast 5S ribosomal RNA. Nature 1977;267(5612):643-5.

136. Haseltine W A; Maxam A M; Gilbert W. Rous sarcoma virus genome is terminally redundant: the 5’ sequence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1977;74(3):989-93.

137. Maxam A M; Gilbert W. A new method for sequencing DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1977;74(2):560-4.

138. Backman K; Ptashne M; Gilbert W. Construction of plasmids carrying the cI gene of bacteriophage lambda. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1976;73(11):4174-8.

139. Kolchinsky A M; Mirzabekov A D; Gilbert W; Li L. Preferential protection of the minor groove of non-operator DNA by lac repressor against methylation by dimethyl sulphate. Nucleic acids research 1976;3(1):11-8.

140. Gilbert W; Maizels N; Maxam A. Sequences of controlling regions of the lactose operon. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1974;38():845-55.

141. Gilbert W; Maxam A. The nucleotide sequence of the lac operator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1973;70(12):3581-4.

142. Haseltine W A; Block R; Gilbert W; Weber K. MSI and MSII made on ribosome in idling step of protein synthesis. Nature 1972;238(5364):381-4.

143. Gilbert W. The lac repressor and the lac operator. Ciba Foundation symposium 1972;7():245-59.

144. Ptashne M; Gilbert W. Genetic repressors. Scientific American 1970;222(6):36-44.

145. Müller-Hill B; Crapo L; Gilbert W. Mutants that make more lac repressor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1968;59(4):1259-64.

146. Gilbert W; Müller-Hill B. The lac operator is DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1967;58(6):2415-21.

147. Davies j; gilbert w; gorini l. Streptomycin, suppression, and the code. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1964;51():883-90.

148. Gros F; Hiatt H; Gilbert W; Kurland C G; Risebrough R W; Watson J D. Unstable ribonucleic acid revealed by pulse labelling of Escherichia coli. Nature 1961;190():581-5.

149. Gros f; gilbert w; hiatt h h; attardi g; spahr p f; watson j d. Molecular and biological characterization of messenger RNA. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1961;26():111-32.



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