Richard J. Roberts

Richard John Roberts is a British Biochemist and molecular biologist. He is the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993 together with Phillip Allen Sharp, for their work regarding the discovery of introns in the eukaryotic DNA and the technique of gene splicing. Mechanism of gene splicing is applied to the eukaryotic DNA to remove introns resulting in different proteins from the same DNA sequence. Richard John Roberts was also knighted in the 2008 Birthday Honours.

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Biologist BIOLOGIST (Introns in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene-splicing)
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1979-1980 John Simon Guggenheim Fellow

1988-1989 ASM Foundation Lecturer

1991 Miller Professor at UC Berkeley

1992 Honorary Doctor of Medicine, University of Uppsala

1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

1994 Bourke Lecturer, Boston University

1994 Dakin Lecturer, Adelphi University

1994 Golden Plate Award, American Academy of Achievement

1994 Honorary Doctor of Medicine, Bath University

1994 Honorary Doctor of Science, Sheffield University

1994 Convocation Award, Sheffield University

1994 Faye Robiner Award, Ross University

1995 Fellow of the Royal Society

1995 Honorary Doctor of Science, Derby University

1995 Fellow of the Royal Society

1995 Associate Member of EMBO

1996 Foreign Fellow, Nat’l Academy of Medical Sciences, Pakistan

1996 Ada Doisy Lecturer, Univ. Illinois, Urbana

1996 Wei Lun Visiting Professor, Chinese University, Hong Kong

1997 William Ferdinand Memorial Lecturer, Sheffield University

1997 Proctor & Gamble Distinguished Lecturer, Purdue University

1997 Fellow of the American Society of Arts and Sciences

1997 Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology

1997 Steinberg/Wylie Lecture, University of Maryland

1997 Knudson Lecture, Oregon State University

1998 Medicus Magnus of the Polish Academy of Medicine

1998 Robert Church Lecture in Biotechnology, Univ. Calgary 2000 Albert Einstein Memorial Lecturer, Princeton

1. Gregson, M., Kurosawa, K., Ollis, W.D., Redman, B.T., Roberts, R.J. and Sutherland, I.O. The natural occurrence of cis- and trans-cinnamylphenols. Chemical Communications 22: 1390-1392 (1968).

2. Ollis, W.D., Redman, B.T., Roberts, R.J. and Sutherland, I.O. New neoflavanoids from Machaerium kuhlmanii and Machaerium nictitans and the recognition of a new neoflavanoid type, the neoflavenes. Chemical Communications 22: 1392-1393 (1968).

3. Mageswaran, S., Ollis, W.D., Roberts, R.J. and Sutherland, I.O. Biogenetic models for the formation of natural cinnamylphenols and neoflavanoids. Tetrahedron Letters 34:, 2897- 2900 (1969).

4. Ollis, W.D., Ormand, K.L., Redman, B.T., Roberts, R.J. and Sutherland, I.O. The oxidative rearrangement of olefins by thallium (III) acetate. Part II. Synthesis of isoflavones. J. Chem. Soc. (C), 125-128 (1970).

5. Gottlieb, O.R., Mageswaran, S., Ollis, W.D., Roberts, R.J. and Sutherland, I.O. Recent developments in neoflavanoid chemistry. Ann. Acad. Brasil. Cienc. 42: 417-423 (1970) suplemento.

6. Stewart, T.S., Roberts, R.J. and Strominger, J.L. Novel species of tRNA. Nature 230: 36-38 (1971).

7. Lovinger, G.G. and Roberts, R.J. A comparison of two glycyl- tRNAs from Staphylococcus epidermidis. Fed. Proc. 30: 1217 (1971).

8. Roberts, R.J. Comparative studies of the staphylococcal glycyl- tRNAs which are non- functional in protein synthesis. Fed. Proc. 31: 422 (1972).

9. Roberts, R.J. Structures of two glycyl-tRNAs from Staphylococcus epidermidis. Nature New Biol. 237: 44-45 (1972).

10. Linnett, P.E., Roberts, R.J. and Strominger, J.L. Biosynthesis and cross-linking of the gamma-glutamyl glycine containing peptidoglycan of vegetative cells of Sporosarcina ureae. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 2497-2506 (1974).

11. Allet, B., Roberts, R.J., Gesteland, R.F. and Solem, R. Class of promoter sites for Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Nature 249: 217-221 (1974).

12. Roberts, R.J., Lovinger, G.G., Tamura, T. and Strominger, J.L. Staphylococcal transfer ribonucleic acids. I. Isolation and purification of the isoaccepting glycine transfer ribonucleic acids from Staphylococcus epidermidis Texas 26. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 4781-4786 (1974).

13. Roberts, R.J. Staphylococcal transfer ribonucleic acids. II. Sequence analysis of tRNAGly/IA and tRNAGly/IB from Staphylococcus epidermidis Texas 26. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 4787-4796 (1974).

14. Roberts, R.J., Arrand, J.R. and Keller, W. The length of the terminal repetition in adenovirus 2 DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71: 3829-3833 (1974).

15. Mulder, C., Arrand, J.R., Delius, H., Keller, W., Pettersson, U., Roberts, R.J. and Sharp, P.A. Cleavage maps of DNA from adenovirus types 2 and 5 by restriction endonuclease EcoRI and HpaI. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 39: 397-400 (1974).

16. Arrand, J.R., Keller, W. and Roberts, R.J. Extent of terminal repetition in adenovirus-2 DNA. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 39: 401-407 (1974). 17. Roberts, R.J., Breitmeyer, J.B., Tabachnik, N.F. and Myers, P.A. A second specific endonuclease from Haemophilus aegyptius. J. Mol. Biol. 91: 121-123 (1975).

18. Steenbergh, P.H., Sussenbach, J.S., Roberts, R.J. and Jansz, H.S. The 3’-terminal nucleotide sequences of adenovirus types 2 and 5 DNA. J. Virol. 15: 268-272 (1975).

19. Sugden, B., DeTroy, B., Roberts, R.J. and Sambrook, J. Agarose slab gel electrophoresis equipment. Anal. Biochem. 68: 36-46 (1975).

20. Roberts, R.J., Myers, P.A., Morrison, A. and Murray, K. A new specific endonuclease from Arthrobacter luteus. J. Mol. Biol. 102: 157-165 (1976).

21. Roberts, R.J., Myers, P.A., Morrison, A. and Murray, K. A specific endonuclease from Haemophilus haemolyticus. J. Mol. Biol. 103: 199-208 (1976).

22. Godson, G.N. and Roberts, R.J. A catalogue of cleavages of FX174, S13, G4 and ST1 DNA by 26 different restriction endonucleases. Virology 73: 561-567 (1976).

23. Roberts, R.J. Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition sequences. In Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd Edition, Nucleic Acids. Vol. II. 532-535 (1976).

24. Roberts, R.J. Restriction endonucleases. CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry, 4: 123-164 (1976).

25. Burton, W.G., Roberts, R.J., Myers, P.A. and Sager, R. A eukaryotic endonuclease with non-random cleavage specificity. Fed. Proc. 35: 1588 (1976).

26. Roberts, R.J., Wilson, G.A. and Young, F.E Recognition sequence of specific endonuclease BamHI from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H. Nature 265: 82-84 (1977).

27. Roberts, R.J. The role of restriction endonucleases in genetic engineering. In, Recombinant Molecules: Impact on Science and Society: (eds. R.F. Beers, Jr. and E.G. Barrett). Raven Press, New York, pp. 21-32, (1977).

28. Wu, M., Roberts, R.J. and Davidson, N. Structure of the inverted terminal repetition of adenovirus-2 DNA. J. Virol. 21: 766-777 (1977).

29. Subramanian, K.N., Zain, B.S., Roberts, R.J. and Weissman, S.M. Mapping of the HhaI and HinfI cleavage sites on simian virus 40 DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 110: 297-318 (1977).

30. Endow, S.A. and Roberts, R.J. Two restriction-like enzymes from Xanthomonas malvacearum. J. Mol. Biol. 112: 521-529 (1977).

31. Gelinas, R.E., Myers, P.A. and Roberts, R.J. Two sequence-specific endonucleases from Moraxella bovis. J. Mol. Biol. 114: 169-180 (1977).

32. Gelinas, R.E., Myers, P.A., Weiss, G.A., Murray, K. and Roberts, R.J. A specific endonuclease from Brevibacterium albidum. J. Mol. Biol. 114: 433-440 (1977).

33. Zain, B.S. and Roberts, R.J. A new specific endonuclease from Xanthomonas badrii. J. Mol. Biol. 115: 249-255 (1977).

34. Gelinas, R.E. and Roberts, R.J. One predominant 5’-undecanucleotide in adenovirus 2 late messenger RNAs. Cell 11: 533-544 (1977).

35. Gelinas, R.E., Chow, L.T., Roberts, R.J., Broker, T.R. and Klessig, D.F. The structure of late adenovirus type 2 messenger RNA’s. In Brookhaven Symposium in Genetic Interaction and Gene Transfer, Brookhaven Symposium in Biology 29: 345-347 (1977).

36. Kamp, D., Kahmann, R., Zipser, D. and Roberts, R.J. Mapping of restriction sites in the attachment site region of bacteriophage lambda. Mol. Gen. Genet. 154: 231-248 (1977).

37. Burton, W.G., Roberts, R.J., Myers, P.A. and Sager, R. A site-specific single strand endonuclease from the eukaryote Chlamydomonas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 2687- 2691 (1977).

38. Chow, L.T., Gelinas, R.E., Broker, T.R. and Roberts, R.J. An amazing sequence arrangement at the 5’ ends of adenovirus 2 messenger RNA. Cell 12: 1-8 (1977).

39. Roberts, R.J. Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition sequences. In DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids and Episomes, (eds. A.I. Bukhari, J.A. Shapiro and S.L. Adhya), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, pp. 757-768 (1977).

40. Gingeras, T.R., Myers, P.A. and Roberts, R.J. A new specific endonuclease present in Xanthomonas holcicola, Xanthomonas papavericola and Brevibacterium luteum. J. Mol. Biol. 118: 113-122 (1978).

41. Arrand, J.R., Myers, P.A. and Roberts, R.J. A new restriction endonuclease from Streptomyces albus G. J. Mol. Biol. 118: 127-135 (1978).

42. Zain, B.S. and Roberts, R.J. Characterization and sequence analysis of a recombination site in the hybrid virus Ad2+ND1. J. Mol. Biol. 120: 13-31 (1978).

43. Broker, T.R., Chow, L.T., Dunn, A.R., Gelinas, R.E., Hassell, J.A., Klessig, D.F., Lewis, J.B., Roberts, R.J. and Zain, B.S. Adenovirus-2 messengers–an example of baroque molecular architecture. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 42: 531-553 (1977).

44. Roberts, R.J. Restriction endonucleases. In, Microbiology, 1978. (ed., D. Schlessinger), American Society for Microbiology, Washington. p. 5-9 (1978)

45. Bingham, A.H.A., Atkinson, T., Sciaky, D. and Roberts, R.J. A specific endonuclease from Bacillus caldolyticus. Nucl. Acids Res. 5: 3457-3467 (1978).

46. Tomassini, J., Roychoudhury, R., Wu, R. and Roberts, R.J. Recognition sequence of restriction endonuclease KpnI from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nucl. Acids Res. 5: 4055-4064 (1978).

47. Gingeras, T.R., Milazzo, J.P. and Roberts, R.J. A computer assisted method for the determination of restriction enzyme recognition sites. Nucl. Acids Res. 5: 4105-4127 (1978).

48. Roberts, R.J. Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition sequences. Gene 4: 183-193 (1978).

49. Roberts, R.J., Klessig, D.F., Manley, J. and Zain, B.S. The spliced messenger RNA’s of adenovirus-2. FEBS Symposium 51: 245-253 (1978).

50. Roberts, R.J. Restriction endonucleases: A new role in vivo? Nature 271: 502 (1978).

51. Roberts, R.J. Intervening sequences excised in vitro. Nature 274: 530 (1978).

52. Roberts, R.J. The Nobel Prizewinners, 1978, in Medicine. Nature 275: 689-690 (1978).

53. Ito, J. and Roberts, R.J. Unusual base sequence arrangement in F29 DNA. Gene 5: 1-7 (1979).

54. Arrand, J.R. and Roberts, R.J. The nucleotide sequences at the termini of adenovirus-2 DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 128: 577-594 (1979).

55. Zain, B.S. and Roberts, R.J. Sequences from the beginning of the fiber mRNA of adenovirus-2. J. Mol. Biol. 131: 341-352 (1979).

56. Zain, B.S., Sambrook, J., Roberts, R.J., Keller, W., Fried, M. and Dunn, A.R. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the leader segments in cloned copy adenovirus-2 fiber mRNA. Cell 16: 851-861 (1979).

57. Zabeau, M. and Roberts, R.J. The role of restriction endonucleases in molecular genetics. In Molecular Genetics, ed. J.H. Taylor, III, 1-63 (1979).

58. Baumstark, B.R., Roberts, R.J. and RajBhandary, U.L. Use of short synthetic DNA duplexes as substrates for the restriction endonucleases HpaII and MnoI. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 8943- 8950 (1979).

59. Rosenberg, A.H., Simon, M.N., Studier, F.W. and Roberts, R.J. Survey and mapping of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites in bacteriophage T7 DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 135: 907-915 (1979).

60. Gingeras, T.R., Milazzo, J.P., Sciaky, D. and Roberts, R.J. Computer programs for the assembly of DNA sequences. Nucl. Acids Res. 7: 529-545 (1979).

61. Roberts, R.J. A directory of restriction endonucleases. ”Methods in Enzymology”, (eds., L. Grossman and K. Moldave), Academic Press, Vol. 65, p. 1-15 (1980).

62. Roberts, R.J. Directory of Restriction Endonucleases. Meth. Enzymol. 68: 27-41 (1979).

63. Roberts, R.J. Small RNA’s and splicing. Nature 283: 132-133 (1980).

64. Roberts, R.J. Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition sequences. Nucl. Acids Res. 8: r63-r80 (1980).

65. Roberts, R.J. Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition sequences. Gene 8: 329-343 (1980).

66. Gingeras, T.R. and Roberts, R.J. Steps towards a programmed analysis of nucleic acid sequences. Science 209: 1322-1328 (1980).

67. Gingeras, T.R., Greenough, L., Schildkraut, I. and Roberts, R.J. Two new restriction endonucleases from Proteus vulgaris. Nucl. Acids Res. 9: 4525-4536 (1981).

68. Roberts, R.J. Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition sequences. Nucl. Acids Res. 9: r75-r96 (1981).

69. Roberts, R.J. Restriction endonucleases, DNA sequencing and Computers. In, Developmental biology using purified genes, (ed. D.D. Brown), Academic Press, New York. 621-634 (1981).

70. Gingeras, T.R. and Roberts, R.J. Computer assisted methods for nucleic acid sequencing. In, Genetic Engineering, Principles and Methods, Vol. III, (ed. J.K. Setlow and A. Hollaender) Plenum Press, New York. 319-338 (1981).

71. Blumenthal, R.M., Rice, P.R. and Roberts, R.J. Computer programs for nucleic acid sequence manipulation. Nucl. Acids Res. 10: 91-101 (1982).

72. Gingeras, T.R., Rice, P.I. and Roberts, R.J. A semi-automated method for the reading of nucleic acid sequencing gels. Nucl. Acids Res. 10: 103-114 (1982).

73. Brooks, J.E. and Roberts, R.J. Modification profiles of bacterial genomes. Nucl. Acids Res. 10: 913-934 (1982).

74. Gingeras, T.R., Sciaky, D., Gelinas, R.E., Bing-Dong, J., Yen, C., Kelly, M.M., Bullock, P.A., Parsons, B.L., O’Neill, K.E. and Roberts, R.J. Nucleotide sequences from the adenovirus-2 genome. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 13475-13491 (1982).

75. Roberts, R.J. Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition sequences. Nucl. Acids Res. 10: r117-r144 (1982).

76. The Applications of Computers to Research on Nucleic Acids. (eds. D. Soll and R.J. Roberts). IRL Press Oxford and Washington, D.C. (1982).

77. Nucleases. (eds. S.M. Linn and R.J. Roberts). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1982) and (1985).

78. Gingeras, T.R., Blumenthal, R.M., Roberts, R.J. and Brooks, J.E. The isolation and characterization of the E. coli dam methylase gene. In, Metabolism and Enzymology of Nucleic Acids, (eds. J. Zelinka and J. Balan), Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. p329-340 (1982).

79. Modrich, P. and Roberts, R.J. Type II restriction and modification enzymes. In, Nucleases, (ed. S.A. Linn and R.J. Roberts), p. 109-154. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. (1982)

80. Roberts, R.J. Restriction Endonucleases. In, Nucleases, (ed. S.A. Linn and R.J. Roberts), p. 311-340. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. (1982)

81. Roberts, R.J., Gingeras, T.R., Sciaky, D., Gelinas, R.E., Bing-Dong, J., Yen, C., Kelly, M.M., Bullock, P.A., Parsons, B.L., O’Neill, K.E. Information Content of the Adenovirus-2 Genome. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 47: 1025-1037 (1982).

82. Roberts, R.J. Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition sequences. Nucl. Acids Res. 11: r135-r167 (1983).

83. Keller, C., Corcoran, M. and Roberts, R.J. Computer programs for handling nucleic acid sequences. Nucl. Acids Res. 12: 379-386 (1984).

84. Freyer, G.A., Katoh, Y. and Roberts, R.J. Characterization of the major mRNAs from Adenovirus 2 early region 4 by cDNA cloning and sequencing. Nucl. Acids Res. 12: 3503- 3519 (1984).

85. Roberts, R.J. Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition sequences. Nucl. Acids Res. 12: r167-r204 (1984).

86. Roberts, R.J. Restriction endonucleases, DNA sequencing and Computers. In, Physics and Contemporary Needs, (eds. A.M. Khan, S. Riazuddin, A. Qadir and M.N. Qazi), Plenum, New York. Volume 6, 305-316 (1984).

87. Broker, T.R., Keller, C.O. and Roberts, R.J. Human adenovirus serotypes 2, 4 and 8 and adenovirus-simian virus 40 hybrids. Maps of RNA transcripts, Protein-coding regions, restriction endonuclease cleavage sites and DNA structures. in Genetic Maps: A compilation of linkage and restriction maps of genetically studied organisms (ed. S.J. O’Brian) Cold Spring Harbor, Vol. 3, pp. 99-110 (1984).

88. Roberts, R.J. Restriction enzymes. in Nucleic Acid Hybridization – A Practical Approach, (ed. B.D. Hames and S.J. Higgins) IRL Press. pp203-210 (1985).

89. Roberts, R.J., O’Neill, K.E. and Yen, C. DNA sequences from the Adenovirus-2 genome. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 13968-13975 (1984).

90. The Applications of Computers to Research Nucleic Acids II. Part 1 and 2. (eds. D. Soll and R.J. Roberts). 856 pp. IRL Press Oxford and Washington, D.C. (1984).

91. Roberts, R.J. Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition sequences. Nucl. Acids Res. 13: r165-r200 (1985).

92. Roberts, R.J. Restriction endonuclease. McGraw-Hill Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology, (1986).

93. Roberts, R.J., Akusjarvi, G., Alestrom, P., Gelinas, R.E., Gingeras, T.R., Sciaky D. and Pettersson, U. A consensus sequence for the adenovirus-2 genome. in Adenovirus DNA. The Viral Genome and Its Expression, ed. W. Doerfler, Martinus Nijhoff, Boston, Mass. pp. 1- 51 (1986).

94. Akusjarvi, G., Pettersson, U. and Roberts, R.J. Structure and Function of the Adenovirus-2 Genome. in Adenovirus DNA. The Viral Genome and Its Expression, ed. W. Doerfler, Martinus Nijhoff, Boston, Mass. pp. 53-95 (1986).

95. Kiss, A., Posfai, G., Keller, C.C., Venetianer, P. and Roberts, R.J. Nucleotide sequence of the BsuRI restriction-modification system. Nucl. Acids Res. 13: 6403-6421 (1985).

96. Moran, E., Grodzicker, T., Roberts, R.J., Mathews, M.B. and Zerler, B. Lytic and transforming functions of individual products of the adenovirus E1A gene. J. Virol. 57: 765- 775 (1986).

97. The applications of computers to research on nucleic acids III. (eds. D. Soll and R.J. Roberts). 619 pp. IRL Press, Oxford and Washington, D.C. (1986).

98. Bhagwat, A.S., Sohail, A. and Roberts, R.J. Cloning and characterization of the DCM locus of Escherichia coli strain K-12. J. Bacteriol. 166: 751-755 (1986). 99. Pettersson, U. and Roberts, R.J. Adenovirus gene expression and replication. A historic review. In DNA Tumor Virus: Control of Gene Expression and Replication. Cancer Cells 4. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 37-57 (1986).

100. Roberts, R.J. Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition sequences. In Gene Amplification and Analysis, Vol. 5. (ed. J.G. Chirikjian), 1-49 (1987).

101. Freyer, G.A., Arenas, J., Perkins, K.K., Furneaux, H.M., Pick, L., Young, B., Roberts, R.J. and Hurwitz, J. In vitro formation of a lariat structure containing a G2’- 5’G linkage. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 4267-4273 (1987).

102. Bhagwat, A.S. and Roberts, R.J. Genetic analysis of the 5-Azacytidine sensitivity of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 169: 1537-1546 (1987).

103. Zerler, B., Roberts, R.J., Mathews, M.B. and Moran, E. Different functional domains of the adenovirus E1A gene are involved in the regulation of host cell cycle products. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7: 821-829 (1987).

104. Roberts, R.J. Restriction enzymes and their isoschizomers. Nucl. Acids Res. 15: r189-r217 (1987).

105. Roberts, R.J. Factual Databases in Basic Research. Biomolecular Data – A Resource in Transition. Oxford University Press, NY (ed. R.R. Colwell), 101-106 (1989).

106. Roberts, R.J. Restriction enzymes and their isoschizomers. Nucl. Acids Res. 16: r271-r313 (1988).

107. Posfai, J., Bhagwat, A.S. and Roberts, R.J. Sequence motifs specific for cytosine methytransferases. Gene 74: 261-265 (1988).

108. Roberts, R.J. Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition sequences. CRC Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRC Press (ed. G.D. Fasman) pp. 470-511 (1989).

109. Pósfai, J., Bhagwat, A.S., Pósfai, G. and Roberts, R.J. Predictive motifs derived from cytosine methyltransferases. Nucleic Acids Res. 17: 2421-2435 (1989).

110. Lin, P.M., Lee, C.H. and Roberts, R.J. Cloning and characterization of the genes encoding the MspI restriction modification system. Nucl. Acids Res. 17: 3001-3011 (1989).

111. Roberts, R.J. Restriction enzymes and their isoschizomers. Nucl. Acids Res. 17: r347-r387 (1989).

112. Conway, G.C., Krainer, A.R., Spector, D.L. and Roberts, R.J. Multiple splicing factors are released from endogenous complexes during in vitro pre-mRNA splicing. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 5273-5280 (1989).

113. Hamablet, L., Chen, G.C.C., Brown, A. and Roberts, R.J. LpnI, from Legionella pneumophila, is a neoschizomer of HaeII. Nucl. Acids Res. 17: 6417 (1989).

114. Pósfai, J. and Roberts, R.J. Predictive motifs of cytosine methylases. J. Cell Biochem. Suppl. 0, 213 (1989).

115. Roberts, R.J. Benefits of databases. Nature 342: 114 (1989). 115a. Posfai, J. and Roberts, R.J. (1989) Predictive motifs of cytosine methylases. J. Cell Biochem. Suppl. 13D: 213.

116. Bhagwat, A.S., Johnson, B., Weule, K. and Roberts, R.J. Primary sequence of the EcoRII endonuclease and properties of its fusions with beta-galactosidase. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 767- 773 (1990).

117. Card, C.O., Wilson, G.G., Weule, K., Hasapes, J., Kiss, A. and Roberts, R.J. Cloning and characterization of the HpaII methylase gene. Nucl. Acids Res. 18: 1377-1383 (1990).

118. Nelson, J.M., Miceli, S.M., Lechevalier, M.P. and Roberts, R.J. FseI, a new type II restriction endonuclease that recognizes the octanucleotide sequence 5’ GGCCGGCC 3’. Nucl. Acids Res. 18: 2061-2064 (1990).

119. Roberts, R.J. Restriction enzymes and their isoschizomers. Nucl. Acids Res. 18: Suppl., 2331-2365 (1990).

120. Harper, J.E., Miceli, S.M., Roberts, R.J. and Manley, J.L. Sequence specificity of the human mRNA N6-adenosine methylase in vitro. Nucl. Acids Res. 18: 5735-5741 (1990).

121. Roberts, R.J. Restriction and Methylation: Restriction Endonucleases. 1.1 Enzymes, isoschizomers and their recognition sequences. Molecular Biology Labfax, Academic Press (T.A. Brown, Ed.), 93-138 (1991).

122. Roberts, R.J. and Macelis D. Restriction enzymes and their isoschizomers. Nucl. Acids Res. 19 Suppl., 2077-2109 (1991).

123. Pósfai, J. and Roberts, R.J. Finding errors in DNA sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 4698-4702 (1992).

124. Roberts, R.J. Restriction endonuclease. McGraw-Hill Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology 7th Ed. 15: 431-432.

125. Roberts, R.J. The Societal impact of DNA fingerprint data. Accountability in Research 2: 87- 92 (1992).

126. Klimasauskas, S., Nelson, J.E. and Roberts, R.J. The sequence specificity domain of cytosine-C5-methylases. Nucl. Acids Res. 19: 6183-6190 (1991).

127. Roberts, R.J. Restriction enzymes. in Molecular Genetic Analysis of Populations: A Practical Approach, (ed. A.R. Hoelzel) Oxford University Press, NY, 281-296 (1992).

128. Dubey, A.K., Mollet, B. and Roberts, R.J. Purification and characterization of the MspI DNA methyltransferase cloned and overexpressed in E. coli. Nucl. Acids Res. 20: 1579-1585 (1992).

129. Roberts, R.J. and Macelis, D. Restriction enzymes and their isoschizomers. Nucl. Acids Res. 20: 2167-2180 (1992).

130. Dubey, A.K. and Roberts, R.J. Sequence-specific DNA binding by the MspI DNA methyltransferase. Nucl. Acids Res. 20: 3167-3173 (1992). 131. Kumar, S., Cheng, X., Pflugrath, J.W. and Roberts, R.J. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of an M.HhaI-AdoMet complex. Biochemistry 31: 8648- 8653 (1992).

132. Mi, S. and Roberts, R.J. How M.MspI and M.HpaII decide which base to methylate. Nucl. Acids Res. 20: 4811-4816 (1992).

133. Mi, S. and Roberts, R.J. The DNA binding affinity of HhaI methylase is increased by a single amino acid substitution in the catalytic center. Nucl. Acids Res. 21: 2459-2464 (1993).

134. Cheng, X., Kumar, S., Posfai, J., Pflugrath, J.W. and Roberts, R.J. Crystal structure of the HhaI methylase complexed with S-adenosyl methionine. Cell 74: 299-307 (1993).

135. Roberts, R.J. and Macelis, D. Restriction enzymes and their isoschizomers. Nucl. Acids Res. 21: 3125-3137 (1993).

136. Cheng, X., Kumar, S., Klimasauskas, S. and Roberts, R.J. Crystal structure of the HhaI methyltransferase. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 58: 331-338 (1993).

137. Nucleases II. (Eds. S.M. Linn, R.S. Lloyd and R.J. Roberts). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1993).

138. Roberts, R.J. and Halford, S.S. Type II restriction endonucleases. In, Nucleases, (Eds. S.M. Linn, R.S. Lloyd and R.J. Roberts), p 35-88. Cold Spring Harbor Press. (1993).

139. Roberts, R.J. and Macelis, D. The restriction enzymes. In, Nucleases, (Eds. S.M. Linn, R.S. Lloyd and R.J. Roberts), p 439-444. Cold Spring Harbor Press. (1993).

140. Cheng, X., Kumar, S., Sha, M. and Roberts, R.J. Crystal structure of HhaI DNA methyltransferase complexed with S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Acta Crystallogr. A49 (Suppl.): 61 (1993).

141. Klimasauskas, S., Kumar, S., Roberts, R.J. and Cheng, X. HhaI methyltransferase flips its target base out of the DNA helix. Cell 76: 357-369 (1994).

142. Kumar, S., Cheng, X., Klimasauskas, S., Mi, S., Posfai, J., Roberts, R.J. and Wilson, G.G. The DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases. Nucl. Acids Res. 22: 1-10 (1994).

143. Roberts, R.J. An amazing distortion in DNA induced by a methyltransferase. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33: 1222-1228 (1994).

144. Kulasauskas, S., Barsomian, J., Lubys, A., Roberts, R.J. and Wilson, G.G. Organization and sequence of the HpaII restriction-modification system and adjacent genes. Gene 142: 9-15 (1994).

145. Pósfai, J., Száraz, Z. and Roberts, R.J. VISA: Visual sequence analysis for the comparison of multiple amino acid sequences. CABIOS 10: 537-544 (1994).

146. Roberts, R.J. and Macelis, D. REBASE – Restriction enzymes and methylases. Nucl. Acids Res. 22: 3628-3639 (1994).

147. Roberts, R.J. An amazing distortion in DNA induced by a methyltransferase. in ”Les Prix Nobel, The Nobel Prizes, 1993” pp. 148-161. Almqvist and Wiksell Int. (1994).

148. Roberts, R.J. An amazing distortion in DNA induced by a methyltransferase. Bioscience Reports 14: 103-117 (1994).

149. Klimasauskas, S. and Roberts, R.J. Disruption of the target G-C base-pair by the HhaI methyltransferase. Gene 157: 163-164 (1995).

150. Mi, S., Alonso, D. and Roberts, R.J. Functional analysis of Gln-237 mutants of HhaI methyltransferase. Nucl. Acids Res. 23: 620-627 (1995).

151. Klimasauskas, S. and Roberts, R.J. The interaction of HhaI methyltransferase with DNA mismatches at the target cytosine residue. Nucl. Acids Res. 23: 1388-1395 (1995).

152. Roberts, R.J. On base flipping. Cell 82: 9-12 (1995).

153. Roberts, R.J. and Macelis, D. REBASE – Restriction enzymes and methylases. Nucl. Acids Res. 24: 223-235 (1996).

154. O’Gara, M., Klimasauskas, S., Roberts, R.J. and Cheng, X. (1996) The mechanistic implications of new crystal structures for HhaI methyltransferase-DNA-AdoHcy complexes, J. Mol. Biol. 261: 634-645.

155. O’Gara, M., Roberts, R.J. and Cheng, X. (1996) A structural basis for the preferential binding of hemimethylated DNA by HhaI DNA methyltransferase. J. Mol. Biol. 263: 597-606.

156. Roberts, R.J. (1997) Teaching about science. Accountability in Research 5: 45-50.

157. Roberts, R.J. and Macelis, D. (1997) REBASE – Restriction enzymes and methylases. Nucl. Acids Res. 25: 248-262.

158. Conway, G., Margoliath, A., Wong-Madden, S., Roberts, R.J., Gilbert, W. (1997) Jak1 kinase is required for cell migrations and anterior specification in zebrafish embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 3082-3087.

159. Kumar, S., Horton, J.R., Jones, G.D., Walker, R.T., Roberts, R.J., Cheng, X. (1997) DNA containing 4’-thio-2’-deoxycytidine inhibits methylation by HhaI methyltransferase. Nucl. Acids Res. 25: 2773-2783.

160. Belfort, M. and Roberts, R.J. (1997) Homing endonucleases – keeping the house in order, Nucl. Acids Res. 25: 3379-3388.

161. Roberts, R.J. (1997) Restriction Enzymes. In: Molecular Genetic Analysis of Populations, a Practical Approach 2/e. (Hoelzel, A.R., Ed.), Oxford University Press, 379-397.

162. Roberts, R.J. and Macelis, D. (1997) Restriction enzymes and methylases. Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. (Smith, A.D. et al., Eds.) Oxford University Press. pp. 725-738.

163. Roberts, R.J. and Cheng, X. (1998) Base Flipping. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 67: 181- 198.

164. Pradhan, S., Talbot, D., Sha, M., Benner, J., Hornstra, L., Li, E., Jaenisch, R., Roberts, R.J. (1997) Baculovirus-mediated expression and characterization of the full-length murine DNA methyltransferase. Nucl. Acids Res. 25: 4666-4673. 165. Roberts, R.J. and Macelis, D. (1998) REBASE – Restriction enzymes and methylases. Nucl. Acids Res. 26: 338-350.

166. Pradhan, S., Cummings, M., Roberts, R.J., Adams, R.L.P. (1998) Isolation, characterization and baculovirus-mediated expression of the cDNA encoding cytosine DNA methyltransferase from Pisum sativum. Nucl. Acids Res. 26: 1214-122.

167. Serva, S., Weinhold, E., Roberts, R.J., Klimasauskas, S. (1998) Chemical display of thymine residues flipped out by DNA methyltransferases. Nucl. Acids Res. 26: 3473-3479.

168. O’Gara, M., Horton, J.R., Roberts, R.J., Cheng, X. (1998) Structures of HhaI methyltransferase complexed with substrates containing mismatches at the target base. Nature Struct. Biol. 5: 872-877.

169. Roberts, R.J. and Macelis, D. (1999) REBASE – Restriction enzymes and methylases. Nucl. Acids Res. 27: 312-313.

170. O’Gara, M., Zhang, X., Roberts, R.J., Cheng, X. (1999) Structure of a binary complex of HhaI methyltransferase with S-adenosyl-L-methionine formed in the presence of a short nonspecific DNA oligonucleotide. J. Mol. Biol. 287: 201-209.

171. Pradhan, S., Bacolla, A., Wells, R.D., Roberts, R.J. (1999) Recombinant human DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase. I. Expression, Purification, and Comparison of De novo and maintenance methylation. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 33002-33010.

172. Bacolla, A., Pradhan, S., Roberts, R.J., Wells, R.D. (1999) Recombinant human DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase. II. Steady-state kinetics reveal allosteric activation by methylated DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 33011-33019.

173. Rajski, S.R., Kumar, S., Roberts, R.J., Barton, J.K. (1999) Protein-modulated DNA electron transfer. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 121: 5615-5616.

174. Roberts, R.J. and Macelis, D. (2000) REBASE-Restriction enzymes and methylases. Nucl. Acids Res. 28: 306-307.

175. Roberts, R.J. (2000) The early days of bioinformatics publishing. Bioinformatics 16: 2-4.

176. Margot, J.B., Aguirre-Arteta, A.M., Di Giacco, B.V., Pradhan, S., Roberts, R.J., Cardoso, M.C. and Leonhardt, H. (2000) Structure and function of the mouse DNA methyltransferase gene: Dnmt1 shows a tripartite structure. J. Mol. Biol. 297: 293-300.

177. Pradhan, S. and Roberts, R.J. (2000) Hybrid mouse-prokaryotic DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases retain the specificity of the parental C-terminal domain. The EMBO J. 19: 2103-2114.

178. Xu, Q., Stickel, S., Roberts, R.J., Blaser, M.J. and Morgan, R.D. (2000) Purification of the novel endonuclease, Hpy188I, and cloning of its restriction-modification genes reveal evidence of its horizontal transfer to the Helicobacter pylori genome. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 17086-17093.

179. Kong, H., Lin, L.-F., Porter, N., Stickel, S., Byrd, D., Posfai, J. and Roberts, R.J. (2000) Functional analysis of putative restriction-modification system genes in the Helicobacter pylori J99 genome. Nucleic Acids Research 28: 3216-3223.

180. Xu, Q., Morgan, R.D., Roberts, R.J. and Blaser, M.J. (2000) Identification of type II restriction and modification systems in Helicobacter pylori reveals their substantial diversity among strains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 9671-9676.

181. Roberts, R.J. and Macelis, D. (2001) REBASE-Restriction enzymes and methylases. Nucl. Acids Res. 29: 268-269.

182. Roberts, R.J. (2001) PubMed Central: The GenBank of the Published Literature. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98: 381-382.

183. Venter, J.C., Adams, M.D., Myers, G., Li, P., Mural, R.J., Sutton, G., Smith, H.O., Yandell, M., Evans, C.A., Holt, R.A., Gocayne, J.D., Amanatides, P., Ballew, R.M., Huson, D.H., Russo Wortman, J., Zhang, Q., Kodira, C., Zheng, X., Chen, L., Skupski, M., Subramanian, G., Thomas, P.D., Zhang, J., Gabor Miklos, G.L., Nelson, C., Broder, S., Clark, A.G., Nadeau, J., McKusick, V., Zinder, N., Levine, A.J., Roberts, R.J., Simon, M., Slayman, C., Hunkapiller, M., Bolanos, R., Delcher, A., Dew, I., Fasulo, D., Flanigan, M., Florea, L., Halpern, A., Hannenhalli, S., Kravitz, Levy, S., Mobarry, C., Reinert, K., Remington, K., Abu- Threideh, J., Beasley, E., Biddick, K., Bonazzi, V., Brandon, R., Cargill, M., Chandramouliswaran, I., Charlab, R., Chaturvedi, K., Deng, Z., Di Francesco, V., Dunn, P., Eilbeck, K., Evangelista, C., Gabrielian, A.E., Gan, W., Ge, W., Gong, F., Gu, Z., Guan, P., Heiman, T.A., . Higgins, M.E., Ji, R.-R., Ke, Z., Ketchum, K.A., Lai, Z., Lei, Y., Li, Z., Li, J., Liang, Y., Lin, X., Lu, F., Merkulov, G., Milshina, N., Moore, H.M., Naik, A.K., Narayan, V.A., Neelam, B., Nusskern, D., Rusch, D.B., Salzberg, S., Shao, W., Shue, B., Sun, J., Wang, Z.Y., Wang, A., Wang, X., Wang, J., Wei, M.-H., Wides, R., Xiao, C., Yan, C., Yao, A., Ye, J., Zhan, M., Zhang, W., Zhang, H., Zhao, Q., Zheng, L., Zhong, F., Zhong, W., Zhu, S.Z., Zhao, S., Gilbert, D., Baumhueter, S., Spier, G., Carter, C., Cravchik, A., Woodage, T., Ali, F., An, H., Awe, A., Baldwin, D., Baden, H., Barnstead, M., Barrow, I., Beeson, K., Busam, D., Carver, A., Center, A., Cheng, M.L., Curry, L., Danaher, S., Davenport, L., Desilets, R., Dietz, S., Dodson, K., Doup, L., Ferriera, S., Garg, N., Gluecksmann, A., Hart, B., Haynes, J., Haynes, C., Heiner, C., Hladun, S., Hostin, D., Houck, J., Howland, T., Ibegwam, C., Johnson, J., Kalush, F., Kline, L., Koduru, S., Love, A., Mann, F., May, D., McCawley, S., McIntosh, T., McMullen, I., Moy, M., Moy, L., Murphy, B., Nelson, K., Pfannkoch, C., Pratts, E., Puri, V., Qureshi, H., Reardon, M., Rodriguez, R., Rogers, Y.-H., Romblad, D., Ruhfel, B., Scott, R., Sitter, C., Smallwood, M., Stewart, E., Strong, R., Suh, E., Thomas, R., Tint, N.N., Tse, S., Vech, C., Wang, G., Wetter, J., Williams, S., Williams, M., Windsor, S., Winn-Deen, E., Wolfe, K., Zaveri, J., Zaveri, K., Abril, J.F., Guigo, R., Campbell, M.J., Sjolander, K.V., Karlak, B., Kejariwal, A., Mi, H., Lazareva, B., Hatton, T., Narechania, A., Diemer, K., Muruganujan, A., Guo, N., Sato, S., Bafna, V., Istrail, S., Lippert, R., Schwartz, R., Walenz, B., Yooseph, S., Allen, D., Basu, A., Baxendale, J., Blick, L., Caminha, M., Carnes-Stine, J., Caulk, P., Chiang, Y.-H., Coyne, M., Dahlke, C., Deslattes Mays, A., Dombroski, M., Donnelly, M., Ely, D., Esparham, S., Fosler, C., Gire, H., Glanowski, S., Glasser, K., Glodek, A., Gorokhov, M., Graham, K., Gropman, B., Harris, M., Heil, J., Henderson, S., Hoover, J., Jennings, D., Jordan, C., Jordan, J., Kasha, J., Kagan, L., Kraft, C., Levitsky, A., Lewis, M., Liu, X., Lopez, J., Ma, D., Majoros, A., McDaniel, J., Murphy, S., Newman, M., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, N., Nodell, M., Pan, S., Peck, J., Rowe, W., Sanders, R., Scott, J., Simpson, M., Smith, T., Sprague, A., Stockwell, T., Turner, R., Venter, E., Wang, M., Wen, M., Wu, D., Wu, M., Xia, A., Zandieh, A., Zhu, X. (2001) The sequence of the human genome. Science 291: 1304-1351.

184. Roberts, R.J., Varmus, H.E., Ashburner, M., Brown, P.O., Eisen, M.B., Khosla, C., Kirschner, M., Nusse, R., Scott, M., Wold, B. (2001) Building a “GenBank” of the published literature. Science 291: 2318-2319.

185. Lin, L.-F., Posfai, J., Roberts, R.J., Kong, H. (2001) Comparative genomics of the restriction- modification systems in Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 2740-2745.

186. Bacolla, A., Pradhan, S., Larson, J.E., Roberts, R.J., Wells, R.D. (2001) Recombinant human DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase. III. Allosteric control, reaction order, and influence of plasmid topology and triplet repeat length on methylation of the fragile X CGG•CCG sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 18605-18613.

187. Cheng, X. and Roberts, R.J. (2001) AdoMet-dependent methylation, DNA methyltransferases and base flipping. Nucl. Acids Res., 29: 3784-3795.

188. Roberts, R.J. (1994) Protein Modification. The NEB Transcript 6: 3-5.

189. Roberts, R.J. (1995) On the early evolution of proteins. Genesis (Univ. Derby).

190. Wong-Madden, S. and Roberts, R.J. (1996) In vivo activation of recombinant MAPK. The NEB Transcript 8: 10.

191. Roberts, R.J. (1996) Foreward to “Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology” Blackburn, G.M., Gait, M.J. (Eds.) Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2nd Edition.

192. Roberts, R.J. (1996) Foreward to “Laboratory DNA Science” by Bloom, M.V., Freyer, G.A., Micklos, D.A., The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.

193. Barshevsky, T., Roberts, R.J., (1997) In vivo, in vitro, in coli. The NEB Transcript. 8: 14.

194. Morgan, R., Polisson, C., Posfai, J., Roberts, R.J. (1997) The World of Restriction Enzymes. The NEB Transcript 8: 6-7.

195. Roberts, R.J., Botstein, D., Brenner, S., Detmer, D., Neidhardt, F., Olsen, G., Rubin, G. (1997) Molecular Biological Databases: A Report. Prepared for the Regents of the National Library of Medicine.

196. Roberts, R.J. (1997) International Aspects of Molecular Biology Databases. Prepared for the National Library of Medicine Long-Range Planning Committee.

197. Roberts, R.J. (1997) Definition of “isoschizomer” in the Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smith, A.D., Datta, S.P., Smith, G.H., Campbell, P.N., Bentley, R., McKenzie, H.A. (Eds.) Oxford University Press, Oxford.

198. Roberts, R.J. (1998) Letter to the Editor. The Nucleus. LXXVI: 8.

199. Roberts, R.J. (January, 1998) The New Biology. In: A Global Vision for the National Library of Medicine. Report of the Board of Regents, National Library of Medicine Long Range Plan, p. 15.

200. Roberts, R.J. (September, 1998) The New Biology. In: A Global Vision for the National Library of Medicine. Report of the Board of Regents, National Library of Medicine Long Range Plan, p. 15.

201. Roberts, R.J. (1999) Supplemental Report of Civil Action No. C-93-1748-VRW, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. v. Promega Corporation.

202. Roberts, R.J. (1999) Introduction and commentary for ”Specific cleavage in Simian Virus 40 DNA by restriction endonuclease of Hemophilus Influenzae” by K. Danna and D. Nathans. Reviews in Medical Virology 9: 75-81.

203. Roberts, R.J. (1999) Commentary on back of book “Essentials of Glycobiology” A. Barki, R., Cummings, J. Esko, H. Freeze, G. Hart, J. Marth (Eds.) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.

204. Roberts, R.J. (2000) The discovery of split genes and RNA splicing. Web site ”Great Experiments”.

205. Roberts, R.J. (2001) The sensitivity of restriction enzymes to methylated DNA. The NEB Transcript 11: 12-15.



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  • Postings

    Adjunct Associate Professor of Psychology
    University of Iowa Department of Psychology