Aaron Klug

Aaron Klug is a chemist and biophysicist. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982 for his work on the development of crystallographic electron microscopy and the structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes. Aaron Klug studied helical viruses to reveal how the protein units are formed. He investigated and researched on the polio virus with J. D. Bernal.

Klug used different methods from X-ray diffraction, microscopy and structural modelling to develop crystallographic electron microscopy. This technique used laser light to produce improved results.

Klug received the Heineken Prize for Medicine 1973, Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize 1981, Copley Medal 1985, Knight of the British Empire 1988, Order of Merit 1995 and the South African Order of Mapungubwe (Gold) 2005.

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Chemist CHEMIST (crystallographic electron microscopy)
MC 85037634 7
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1973    Heineken Prize for Medicine

1981    Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize

1982    Nobel Prize for Chemistry

1985    Copley Medal

1. Klug Aaron. The discovery of zinc fingers and their development for practical applications in gene regulation and genome manipulation. Quarterly reviews of biophysics 2010;43(1):1-21.

2. Klug Aaron. The discovery of zinc fingers and their applications in gene regulation and genome manipulation. Annual review of biochemistry 2010;79():213-31.

3. Klug Aaron. From virus structure to chromatin: X-ray diffraction to three-dimensional electron microscopy. Annual review of biochemistry 2010;79():1-35.

4. Minczuk Michal; Papworth Monika A; Miller Jeffrey C; Murphy Michael P; Klug Aaron. Development of a single-chain, quasi-dimeric zinc-finger nuclease for the selective degradation of mutated human mitochondrial DNA. Nucleic acids research 2008;36(12):3926-38.

5. Santiago Yolanda; Chan Edmond; Liu Pei-Qi; Orlando Salvatore; Zhang Lin; Urnov Fyodor D; Holmes Michael C; Guschin Dmitry; Waite Adam; Miller Jeffrey C; Rebar Edward J; Gregory Philip D; Klug Aaron; Collingwood Trevor N. Targeted gene knockout in mammalian cells by using engineered zinc-finger nucleases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008;105(15):5809-14.

6. Lu Duo; Klug Aaron. Invariance of the zinc finger module: a comparison of the free structure with those in nucleic-acid complexes. Proteins 2007;67(2):508-12.

7. Shieh Jia-Ching; Cheng Yu-Che; Su Mao-Chang; Moore Michael; Choo Yen; Klug Aaron. Tailor-made zinc-finger transcription factors activate FLO11 gene expression with phenotypic consequences in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PloS one 2007;2(1):e746.

8. Minczuk Michal; Papworth Monika A; Kolasinska Paulina; Murphy Michael P; Klug Aaron. Sequence-specific modification of mitochondrial DNA using a chimeric zinc finger methylase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006;103(52):19689-94.

9. Spillantini Maria Grazia; Murrell Jill R; Goedert Michel; Farlow Martin; Klug Aaron; Ghetti Bernardino. Mutations in the tau gene (MAPT) in FTDP-17: the family with Multiple System Tauopathy with Presenile Dementia (MSTD). Journal of Alzheimer’s disease : JAD 2006;9(3 Suppl):373-80.

10. Goedert Michel; Klug Aaron; Crowther R Anthony. Tau protein, the paired helical filament and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease : JAD 2006;9(3 Suppl):195-207.

11. Klug A. Introduction to eukaryotic transcription and chromatin. FEBS letters 2005;579(4):890-1.

12. Klug A. Towards therapeutic applications of engineered zinc finger proteins. FEBS letters 2005;579(4):892-4.

13. Klug Aaron. Francis Crick (8 June 1916–28 July 2004): a memoir. FEBS letters 2005;579(4):852-4.

14. Klug Aaron. Francis Crick (8th June 1916 – 28th July 2004). Nature cell biology 2004;6(9):799-800.

15. Klug Aaron. The discovery of the DNA double helix. Journal of molecular biology 2004;335(1):3-26.

16. Lu Duo; Searles M Alexandra; Klug Aaron. Crystal structure of a zinc-finger-RNA complex reveals two modes of molecular recognition. Nature 2003;426(6962):96-100.

17. Reynolds Lindsey; Ullman Christopher; Moore Michael; Isalan Mark; West Michelle J; Clapham Paul; Klug Aaron; Choo Yen. Repression of the HIV-1 5’ LTR promoter and inhibition of HIV-1 replication by using engineered zinc-finger transcription factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003;100(4):1615-20.

18. Papworth Monika; Moore Michael; Isalan Mark; Minczuk Michal; Choo Yen; Klug Aaron. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus 1 gene expression by designer zinc-finger transcription factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003;100(4):1621-6.

19. Klug Aaron. Structural biology and biochemistry. Retrospective: Max Perutz (1914-2002). Science (New York, N.Y.) 2002;295(5564):2382-3.

20. Isalan M; Klug A; Choo Y. A rapid, generally applicable method to engineer zinc fingers illustrated by targeting the HIV-1 promoter. Nature biotechnology 2001;19(7):656-60.

21. Klug A. Introductory remarks. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 2001;356(1410):783-4.

22. Klug A. Structural biology. A marvellous machine for making messages. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2001;292(5523):1844-6.

23. Moore M; Klug A; Choo Y. Improved DNA binding specificity from polyzinc finger peptides by using strings of two-finger units. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001;98(4):1437-41.

24. Moore M; Choo Y; Klug A. Design of polyzinc finger peptides with structured linkers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001;98(4):1432-6.

25. Klug A. The Human Genome Project. IUBMB life 2001;51(1):1-4.

26. Searles M A; Lu D; Klug A. The role of the central zinc fingers of transcription factor IIIA in binding to 5 S RNA. Journal of molecular biology 2000;301(1):47-60.

27. Alberts B; Klug A. Genes: we can’t expect full understanding yet. Nature 2000;404(6778):542.

28. Klug A. GM food debate. Lancet 1999;354(9191):1729.

29. Goedert M; Klug A. Tau protein and the paired helical filament of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain research bulletin 1999;50(5-6):469-70.

30. Klug A. Zinc finger peptides for the regulation of gene expression. Journal of molecular biology 1999;293(2):215-8.

31. Varani L; Hasegawa M; Spillantini M G; Smith M J; Murrell J R; Ghetti B; Klug A; Goedert M; Varani G. Structure of tau exon 10 splicing regulatory element RNA and destabilization by mutations of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999;96(14):8229-34.

32. Klug A. The tobacco mosaic virus particle: structure and assembly. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 1999;354(1383):531-5.

33. Isalan M; Klug A; Choo Y. Comprehensive DNA recognition through concerted interactions from adjacent zinc fingers. Biochemistry 1998;37(35):12026-33.

34. Spillantini M G; Murrell J R; Goedert M; Farlow M R; Klug A; Ghetti B. Mutation in the tau gene in familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998;95(13):7737-41.

35. Choo Y; Castellanos A; García-Hernández B; Sánchez-García I; Klug A. Promoter-specific activation of gene expression directed by bacteriophage-selected zinc fingers. Journal of molecular biology 1997;273(3):525-32.

36. Isalan M; Choo Y; Klug A. Synergy between adjacent zinc fingers in sequence-specific DNA recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1997;94(11):5617-21.

37. Choo Y; Klug A. Physical basis of a protein-DNA recognition code. Current opinion in structural biology 1997;7(1):117-25.

38. Scott W G; Murray J B; Arnold J R; Stoddard B L; Klug A. Capturing the structure of a catalytic RNA intermediate: the hammerhead ribozyme. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1996;274(5295):2065-9.

39. Scott W G; Klug A. Ribozymes: structure and mechanism in RNA catalysis. Trends in biochemical sciences 1996;21(6):220-4.

40. Goedert M; Spillantini M G; Hasegawa M; Jakes R; Crowther R A; Klug A. Molecular dissection of the neurofibrillary lesions of Alzheimer’s disease. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1996;61():565-73.

41. Choo Y; Klug A. Designing DNA-binding proteins on the surface of filamentous phage. Current opinion in biotechnology 1995;6(4):431-6.

42. Scott W G; Finch J T; Grenfell R; Fogg J; Smith T; Gait M J; Klug A. Rapid crystallization of chemically synthesized hammerhead RNAs using a double screening procedure. Journal of molecular biology 1995;250(3):327-32.

43. Klug A. Gene regulatory proteins and their interaction with DNA. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1995;758():143-60.

44. Scott W G; Finch J T; Klug A. The crystal structure of an all-RNA hammerhead ribozyme: a proposed mechanism for RNA catalytic cleavage. Cell 1995;81(7):991-1002.

45. Klug A; Schwabe J W. Protein motifs 5. Zinc fingers. The FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 1995;9(8):597-604.

46. Scott W G; Finch J T; Klug A. The crystal structure of an all-RNA hammerhead ribozyme. Nucleic acids symposium series 1995;(34):214-6.

47. Jakes R; Harrington C R; Spillantini M G; Goedert M; Klug A. Characterisation of an antibody relevant to the neuropathology of Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders 1995;9(1):47-51.

48. Choo Y; Sánchez-García I; Klug A. In vivo repression by a site-specific DNA-binding protein designed against an oncogenic sequence. Nature 1994;372(6507):642-5.

49. Choo Y; Klug A. Selection of DNA binding sites for zinc fingers using rationally randomized DNA reveals coded interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994;91(23):11168-72.

50. Choo Y; Klug A. Toward a code for the interactions of zinc fingers with DNA: selection of randomized fingers displayed on phage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994;91(23):11163-7.

51. Schwabe J W; Klug A. Zinc mining for protein domains. Nature structural biology 1994;1(6):345-9.

52. Klug A. Co-chairman’s remarks: protein designs for the specific recognition of DNA. Gene 1993;135(1-2):83-92.

53. Klug A. Transcription. Opening the gateway. Nature 1993;365(6446):486-7.

54. Choo Y; Klug A. A role in DNA binding for the linker sequences of the first three zinc fingers of TFIIIA. Nucleic acids research 1993;21(15):3341-6.

55. Rhodes D; Klug A. Zinc fingers. Scientific American 1993;268(2):56-9, 62-5.

56. Neuhaus D; Nakaseko Y; Schwabe J W; Klug A. Solution structures of two zinc-finger domains from SWI5 obtained using two-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A zinc-finger structure with a third strand of beta-sheet. Journal of molecular biology 1992;228(2):637-51.

57. Nakaseko Y; Neuhaus D; Klug A; Rhodes D. Adjacent zinc-finger motifs in multiple zinc-finger peptides from SWI5 form structurally independent, flexibly linked domains. Journal of molecular biology 1992;228(2):619-36.

58. Struck M M; Klug A; Richmond T J. Comparison of X-ray structures of the nucleosome core particle in two different hydration states. Journal of molecular biology 1992;224(1):253-64.

59. Bondareff W; Wischik C M; Novak M; Amos W B; Klug A; Roth M. Molecular analysis of neurofibrillary degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. An immunohistochemical study. The American journal of pathology 1990;137(3):711-23.

60. Churchill M E; Tullius T D; Klug A. Mode of interaction of the zinc finger protein TFIIIA with a 5S RNA gene of Xenopus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1990;87(14):5528-32.

61. Spillantini M G; Goedert M; Jakes R; Klug A. Different configurational states of beta-amyloid and their distributions relative to plaques and tangles in Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1990;87(10):3947-51.

62. Spillantini M G; Goedert M; Jakes R; Klug A. Topographical relationship between beta-amyloid and tau protein epitopes in tangle-bearing cells in Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1990;87(10):3952-6.

63. Neuhaus D; Nakaseko Y; Nagai K; Klug A. Sequence-specific [1H]NMR resonance assignments and secondary structure identification for 1- and 2-zinc finger constructs from SW15. A hydrophobic core involving four invariant residues. FEBS letters 1990;262(2):179-84.

64. Sundquist W I; Klug A. Telomeric DNA dimerizes by formation of guanine tetrads between hairpin loops. Nature 1989;342(6251):825-9.

65. Rhodes D; Brown R S; Klug A. Crystallization of nucleosome core particles. Methods in enzymology 1989;170():420-8.

66. Wischik C M; Novak M; Edwards P C; Klug A; Tichelaar W; Crowther R A. Structural characterization of the core of the paired helical filament of Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1988;85(13):4884-8.

67. Wischik C M; Novak M; Thøgersen H C; Edwards P C; Runswick M J; Jakes R; Walker J E; Milstein C; Roth M; Klug A. Isolation of a fragment of tau derived from the core of the paired helical filament of Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1988;85(12):4506-10.

68. Goedert M; Wischik C M; Crowther R A; Walker J E; Klug A. Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA encoding a core protein of the paired helical filament of Alzheimer disease: identification as the microtubule-associated protein tau. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1988;85(11):4051-5.

69. Travers A A; Klug A. The bending of DNA in nucleosomes and its wider implications. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 1987;317(1187):537-61.

70. Nelson H C; Finch J T; Luisi B F; Klug A. The structure of an oligo(dA).oligo(dT) tract and its biological implications. Nature 1987;330(6145):221-6.

71. Travers A; Klug A. Nucleoprotein complexes. DNA wrapping and writhing. Nature 1987;327(6120):280-1.

72. O’Halloran T V; Lippard S J; Richmond T J; Klug A. Multiple heavy-atom reagents for macromolecular X-ray structure determination. Application to the nucleosome core particle. Journal of molecular biology 1987;194(4):705-12.

73. Altschuh D; Lesk A M; Bloomer A C; Klug A. Correlation of co-ordinated amino acid substitutions with function in viruses related to tobacco mosaic virus. Journal of molecular biology 1987;193(4):693-707.

74. Klug A; Rhodes D. Zinc fingers: a novel protein fold for nucleic acid recognition. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1987;52():473-82.

75. Diakun G P; Fairall L; Klug A. EXAFS study of the zinc-binding sites in the protein transcription factor IIIA. Nature 1986;324(6098):698-9.

76. Fairall L; Rhodes D; Klug A. Mapping of the sites of protection on a 5 S RNA gene by the Xenopus transcription factor IIIA. A model for the interaction. Journal of molecular biology 1986;192(3):577-91.

77. Rhodes D; Klug A. An underlying repeat in some transcriptional control sequences corresponding to half a double helical turn of DNA. Cell 1986;46(1):123-32.

78. Van Regenmortel M H; Altschuh D; Klug A. Influence of local structure on the location of antigenic determinants in tobacco mosaic virus protein. Ciba Foundation symposium 1986;119():76-92.

79. Widom J; Klug A. Structure of the 300A chromatin filament: X-ray diffraction from oriented samples. Cell 1985;43(1):207-13.

80. Brown R S; Dewan J C; Klug A. Crystallographic and biochemical investigation of the lead(II)-catalyzed hydrolysis of yeast phenylalanine tRNA. Biochemistry 1985;24(18):4785-801.

81. Miller J; McLachlan A D; Klug A. Repetitive zinc-binding domains in the protein transcription factor IIIA from Xenopus oocytes. The EMBO journal 1985;4(6):1609-14.

82. Richmond T J; Finch J T; Rushton B; Rhodes D; Klug A. Structure of the nucleosome core particle at 7 A resolution. Nature 1984;311(5986):532-7.

83. Westhof E; Altschuh D; Moras D; Bloomer A C; Mondragon A; Klug A; Van Regenmortel M H. Correlation between segmental mobility and the location of antigenic determinants in proteins. Nature 1984;311(5982):123-6.

84. Cockell M; Rhodes D; Klug A. Location of the primary sites of micrococcal nuclease cleavage on the nucleosome core. Journal of molecular biology 1983;170(2):423-46.

85. Brown R S; Hingerty B E; Dewan J C; Klug A. Pb(II)-catalysed cleavage of the sugar-phosphate backbone of yeast tRNAPhe–implications for lead toxicity and self-splicing RNA. Nature 1983;303(5917):543-6.

86. Klug A. Architectural design of spherical viruses. Nature 1983;303(5916):378-9.

87. Klug A. From macromolecules to biological assemblies. Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1982. Bioscience reports 1983;3(5):395-430.

88. de Bruijn M H; Klug A. A model for the tertiary structure of mammalian mitochondrial transfer RNAs lacking the entire ’dihydrouridine’ loop and stem. The EMBO journal 1983;2(8):1309-21.

89. Klug A. Structures of DNA: a summary. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1983;47 Pt 2():1215-23.

90. Richmond T J; Finch J T; Klug A. Studies of nucleosome structure. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1983;47 Pt 1():493-501.

91. Klug A; Butler P J. The structure of nucleosomes and chromatin. Horizons in biochemistry and biophysics 1983;7():1-41.

92. Klug A; Lutter L C; Rhodes D. Helical periodicity of DNA on and off the nucleosome as probed by nucleases. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1983;47 Pt 1():285-92.

93. Hingerty B E; Brown R S; Klug A. Stabilization of the tertiary structure of yeast phenylalanine tRNA by [Co(NH3)6]3+. X-ray evidence for hydrogen bonding to pairs of guanine bases in the major groove. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1982;697(1):78-82.

94. Klug A; Lutter L C. The helical periodicity of DNA on the nucleosome. Nucleic acids research 1981;9(17):4267-83.

95. Rhodes D; Klug A. Sequence-dependent helical periodicity of DNA. Nature 1981;292(5821):378-80.

96. Lomonossoff G P; Butler P J; Klug A. Sequence-dependent variation in the conformation of DNA. Journal of molecular biology 1981;149(4):745-60.

97. Finch J T; Brown R S; Richmond T; Rushton B; Lutter L C; Klug A. X-ray diffraction study of a new crystal form of the nucleosome core showing higher resolution. Journal of molecular biology 1981;145(4):757-69.

98. Kornberg R D; Klug A. The nucleosome. Scientific American 1981;244(2):52-64.

99. Klug A; Rhodes D; Smith J; Finch J T; Thomas J O. A low resolution structure for the histone core of the nucleosome. Nature 1980;287(5782):509-16.

100. Rhodes D; Klug A. Helical periodicity of DNA determined by enzyme digestion. Nature 1980;286(5773):573-8.

101. Klug A. The assembly of tobacco mosaic virus: structure and specificity. Harvey lectures 1980;74():141-72.

102. Thoma F; Koller T; Klug A. Involvement of histone H1 in the organization of the nucleosome and of the salt-dependent superstructures of chromatin. The Journal of cell biology 1979;83(2 Pt 1):403-27.

103. Klug A; Jack A; Viswamitra M A; Kennard O; Shakked Z; Steitz T A. A hypothesis on a specific sequence-dependent conformation of DNA and its relation to the binding of the lac-repressor protein. Journal of molecular biology 1979;131(4):669-80.

104. Prunell A; Kornberg R D; Lutter L; Klug A; Levitt M; Crick F H. Periodicity of deoxyribonuclease I digestion of chromatin. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1979;204(4395):855-8.

105. Butler P J; Klug A. The assembly of a virus. Scientific American 1978;239(5):62-9.

106. Klug A. I. Structure of chromatin: introductory remarks. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 1978;283(997):233-9.

107. Finch J T; Klug A. X-ray and electron microscope analyses of crystals of nucleosome cores. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1978;42 Pt 1():1-9.

108. Finch J T; Lutter L C; Rhodes D; Brown R S; Rushton B; Levitt M; Klug A. Structure of nucleosome core particles of chromatin. Nature 1977;269(5623):29-36.

109. Sperling L; Klug A. X-ray studies on ”native” chromatin. Journal of molecular biology 1977;112(2):253-63.

110. Jack A; Ladner J E; Rhodes D; Brown R S; Klug A. A crystallographic study of metal-binding to yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA. Journal of molecular biology 1977;111(3):315-28.

111. Jack A; Ladner J E; Klug A. Crystallographic refinement of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA at 2-5A resolution. Journal of molecular biology 1976;108(4):619-49.

112. Crick F H; Brenner S; Klug A; Pieczenik G. A speculation on the origin of protein synthesis. Origins of life 1976;7(4):389-97.

113. Finch J T; Klug A. Solenoidal model for superstructure in chromatin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1976;73(6):1897-901.

114. Jack A; Klug A; Ladner J E. ”Non-rigid” nucleotides in tRNA: a new correlation in the conformation of a ribose. Nature 1976;261(5557):250-1.

115. Laemmli U K; Amos L A; Klug A. Correlation between structural transformation and cleavage of the major head protein of T4 bacteriophage. Cell 1976;7(2):191-203.

116. Champness J N; Bloomer A C; Bricogne G; Butler P G; Klug A. The structure of the protein disk of tobacco mosaic virus to 5A resolution. Nature 1976;259(5538):20-4.

117. Amos L A; Klug A. Three-dimensional image reconstructions of the contractile tail of T4 bacteriophage. Journal of molecular biology 1975;99(1):51-64.

118. Ladner J E; Jack A; Robertus J D; Brown R S; Rhodes D; Clark B F; Klug A. Structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA at 2.5 A resolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1975;72(11):4414-8.

119. Ladner J E; Jack A; Robertus J D; Brown R S; Rhodes D; Clark B F; Klug A. Atomic co-ordinates for yeast phenylalanine tRNA. Nucleic acids research 1975;2(9):1629-37.

120. Sperling R; Klug A. States of aggregation of the dahlemense strain of tobacco mosaic virus protein and their relation to crystal formation. Journal of molecular biology 1975;96(3):425-30.

121. Crick F H; Klug A. Kinky helix. Nature 1975;255(5509):530-3.

122. Wakabayashi T; Huxley H E; Amos L A; Klug A. Three-dimensional image reconstruction of actin-tropomyosin complex and actin-tropomyosin-troponin T-troponin I complex. Journal of molecular biology 1975;93(4):477-97.

123. Sperling R; Amos L A; Klug A. A study of the pairing interaction between protein subunits in the tobacco mosaic virus family by image reconstruction from electron micrographs. Journal of molecular biology 1975;92(4):541-58.

124. Branton D; Klug A. Capsid geometry of bacteriophage T2: a freeze-etching study. Journal of molecular biology 1975;92(4):559-65.

125. Crowther R A; Klug A. Structural analysis of macromolecular assemblies by image reconstruction from electron micrographs. Annual review of biochemistry 1975;44():161-82.

126. Klug A; Ladner J; Robertus J D. The structural geometry of co-ordinated base changes in transfer RNA. Journal of molecular biology 1974;89(3):511-6.

127. Klug A; Robertus J D; Ladner J E; Brown R S; Finch J T. Conservation of the molecular structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA in two crystal forms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1974;71(9):3711-5.

128. Unwin P N; Klug A. Electron microscopy of the stacked disk aggregate of tobacco mosaic virus protein. I. Three-dimensional image reconstruction. Journal of molecular biology 1974;87(4):641-56.

129. Finch J T; Klug A. The structural relationship between the stacked disk and helical polymers of tobacco mosaic virus protein. Journal of molecular biology 1974;87(4):633-40.

130. Robertus J D; Ladner J E; Finch J T; Rhodes D; Brown R S; Clark B F; Klug A. Structure of yeast phenylalanine tRNA at 3 A resolution. Nature 1974;250(467):546-51.

131. Robertus J D; Ladner J E; Finch J T; Rhodes D; Brown R S; Clark B F; Klug A. Correlation between three-dimensional structure and chemical reactivity of transfer RNA. Nucleic acids research 1974;1(7):927-32.

132. Gilbert P F; Klug A. X-ray analysis of the disk of tobacco mosaic virus protein. 3. A low resolution electron density map. Journal of molecular biology 1974;86(2):193-207.

133. Finch J T; Gilbert P F; Klug A; Leberman R. X-ray analysis of the disk of tobacco mosaic virus protein. II. The packing arrangement in the crystal. Journal of molecular biology 1974;86(2):183-92.

134. Leberman R; Finch J T; Gilbert P F; Witz J; Klug A. X-ray analysis of the disk of tobacco mosaic virus protein. I. Crystallization of the protein and of a heavy-atom derivative. Journal of molecular biology 1974;86(2):179-82.

135. Amos L; Klug A. Arrangement of subunits in flagellar microtubules. Journal of cell science 1974;14(3):523-49.

136. Klug A. Rosalind Franklin and the double helix. Nature 1974;248(5451):787-8.

137. Klug A; Butler P J. Dislocations in tobacco mosaic virus. Nature 1973;244(5411):115-6.

138. Butler P J; Klug A. Effect of state of polymerisation of the protein component on the assembly of tobacco mosaic virus. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 1973;120(1):91-3.

139. Butler P J; Durham A C; Klug A. Structures and roles of the polymorphic forms of tobacco mosaic virus protein. IV. Control of mode of aggregation of tobacco mosaic virus protein by proton binding. Journal of molecular biology 1972;72(1):1-18.

140. Ladner J E; Finch J T; Klug A; Clark B F. High-resolution x-ray diffraction studies on a pure species of transfer RNA. Journal of molecular biology 1972;72(1):99-101.

141. Brown R S; Clark B F; Coulson R R; Finch J T; Klug A; Rhodes D. Crystallization of pure species of bacterial tRNA for x-ray diffraction studies. European journal of biochemistry / FEBS 1972;31(1):130-4.

142. Butler P J; Klug A. Assembly of tobacco mosaic virus in vitro: effect of state of polymerization of the protein component. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1972;69(10):2950-3.

143. Mellema J E; Klug A. Quaternary structure of gastropod haemocyanin. Nature 1972;239(5368):146-50.

144. Durham A C; Klug A. Structures and roles of the polymorphic forms of tobacco mosaic virus protein. 3. A model for the association of A-protein into disks. Journal of molecular biology 1972;67(2):315-32.

145. Mirzabekov A D; Rhodes D; Finch J T; Klug A; Clark B F. Crystallization of tRNAs as cetyltrimethylammonium salts. Nature: New biology 1972;237(70):27-8.

146. Yanagida M; DeRosier D J; Klug A. Structure of the tubular variants of the head of bacteriophage T4 (polyheads). II. Structural transition from a hexamer to a 6+1 morphological unit. Journal of molecular biology 1972;65(3):489-99.

147. DeRosier D J; Klug A. Structure of the tubular variants of the head of bacteriophage T4 (polyheads). I. Arrangement of subunits in some classes of polyheads. Journal of molecular biology 1972;65(3):469-88.

148. Klug A. Assembly of tobacco mosaic virus. Federation proceedings 1972;31(1):30-42.

149. Klug A. Interpretation of the rotation function map of satellite tobacco necrosis virus: octahedral packing of icosahedral particles. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1972;36():483-7.

150. Klug A; Durham A C. The disk of TMV protein and its relation to the helical and other modes of aggregation. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1972;36():449-60.

151. Klug A. The polymorphism of tobacco mosaic virus protein and its significance for the assembly of the virus. Ciba Foundation symposium 1972;7():207-15.

152. Crowther R A; Klug A. ART and science or conditions for three-dimensional reconstruction from electron microscope images. Journal of theoretical biology 1971;32(1):199-203.

153. Finch J T; Klug A. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the stacked-disk aggregate of tobacco mosaic virus protein from electron micrographs. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 1971;261(837):211-9.

154. Butler P J; Klug A. Assembly of the particle of tobacco mosaic virus from RNA and disks of protein. Nature: New biology 1971;229(2):47-50.

155. Durham A C; Klug A. Polymerization of tobacco mosaic virus protein and its control. Nature: New biology 1971;229(2):42-6.

156. Durham A C; Finch J T; Klug A. States of aggregation of tobacco mosaic virus protein. Nature: New biology 1971;229(2):37-42.

157. Finch J T; Klug A; Leberman R. The structures of turnip crinkle and tomato bushy stunt viruses. II. The surface structure: dimer clustering patterns. Journal of molecular biology 1970;50(2):215-22.

158. Crowther R A; Amos L A; Finch J T; De Rosier D J; Klug A. Three dimensional reconstructions of spherical viruses by fourier synthesis from electron micrographs. Nature 1970;226(5244):421-5.

159. Finch J T; Klug A. Two double helical forms of polyriboadenylic acid and the pH-dependent transition between them. Journal of molecular biology 1969;46(3):597-8.

160. DeRosier D J; Klug A. Positions of ribosomal subunits. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1969;163(874):1470.

161. Kiselev N A; Klug A. The structure of viruses of the papilloma-polyoma type. V. Tubular variants built of pentamers. Journal of molecular biology 1969;40(2):155-71.

162. Klug A. Rosalind Franklin and the discovery of the structure of DNA. Nature 1968;219(5156):808-10 passim.

163. Kiselev N A; De Rosier D J; Klug A. Structure of the tubes of catalase: analysis of electron micrographs by optical filtering. Journal of molecular biology 1968;35(3):561-6.

164. Klug A; Finch J T. Structure of viruses of the papilloma-polyoma type. IV. Analysis of tilting experiments in the electron microscope. Journal of molecular biology 1968;31(1):1-12.

165. Finch J T; Klug A; Nermut M V. The structure of the macromolecular units on the cell walls of Bacillus polymyxa. Journal of cell science 1967;2(4):587-90.

166. Finch J T; Klug A; van Regenmortel M H. The structure of cucumber mosaic virus. Journal of molecular biology 1967;24(2):303-5.

167. Finch J T; Klug A. Structure of broad bean mottle virus. I. Analysis of electron micrographs comparison with turnip yellow mosaic virus and its top component. Journal of molecular biology 1967;24(2):289-302.

168. Harrison B D; Klug A. Relation between length and sedimentation coefficient for particles of tobacco rattle viruses. Virology 1966;30(4):738-40.

169. Harrison B D; Klug A. Relation between length and sedimentation coefficient for particles of tobacco rattle viruses. Virology 1966;30(4):738-40.

170. Finch J T; Leberman R; Yu-Shang C; Klug A. Rotational symmetry of the two turn disk aggregate of tobacco mosaic virus protein. Nature 1966;212(5060):349-50.

171. Klug A; De Rosier D J. Optical filtering of electron micrographs: reconstruction of one-sided images. Nature 1966;212(5057):29-32.

172. Grimstone A V; Klug A. Observations on the substructure of flagellar fibres. Journal of cell science 1966;1(3):351-62.

173. Finch J T; Klug A. Arrangement of protein subunits and the distribution of nucleic acid in turnip yellow mosaic virus. II. Electron microscopic studies. Journal of molecular biology 1966;15(1):344-64.

174. Klug A; Longley W; Leberman R. Arrangement of protein subunits and the distribution of nucleic acid in turnip yellow mosaic virus. I. X-ray diffraction studies. Journal of molecular biology 1966;15(1):315-43.

175. Finch J T; Klug A. The structure of viruses of the papilloma-polyoma type 3. Structure of rabbit papilloma virus, with an appendix on the topography of contrast in negative-staining for electron-microscopy. Journal of molecular biology 1965;13(1):1-12.

176. Klug a. Structure of viruses of the papilloma-polyoma type. Ii. Comments on other work. Journal of molecular biology 1965;11():424-31.

177. Klug a; finch j t. Structure of viruses of the papilloma-polyoma type. I. Human wart virus. Journal of molecular biology 1965;11():403-23.

178. Finch j t; klug a; stretton a o. The structure of the ”polyheads” of t4 bacteriophage. Journal of molecular biology 1964;10():570-5.

179. Klug a; berger j e. An optical method for the analysis of periodicities in electron micrographs, and some observations on the mechanism of negative staining. Journal of molecular biology 1964;10():565-9.

180. Caspar D L; Klug A. Physical principles in the construction of regular viruses. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1962;27():1-24.

181. Caspar D L; Dulbecco R; Klug A; Lwoff A; Stoker M G; Tournier P; Wildy P. Proposals. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1962;27():49-50.

182. Klug A; Holmes K C; Finch J T. X-ray diffraction studies on ribosomes from various sources. Journal of molecular biology 1961;3():87-100.

183. Finch j t; klug a. X-ray ”powder” diagrams of crystals of an artifical top component from turnip yellow mosaic virus. Journal of molecular biology 1960;2():434-5.

184. Finch J T; Klug A. The form of crystals of Mahoney poliovirus grown in phosphate-saline. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1960;41():430-3.

185. Klug A; Caspar D L. The structure of small viruses. Advances in virus research 1960;7():225-325.

186. Finch J T; Klug A. Structure of poliomyelitis virus. Nature 1959;183(4677):1709-14.

187. Klug A; Franklin R E; Humphreys-Owen S P. The crystal structure of Tipula iridescent virus as determined by Bragg reflection of visible light. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1959;32(1):203-19.

188. Klug A; Finch J T; Franklin R E. The structure of turnip yellow mosaic virus; x-ray diffraction studies. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1957;25(2):242-52.

189. Klug A; Finch J T; Franklin R E. Structure of turnip yellow mosaic virus. Nature 1957;179(4561):683-4.

190. Klug A; Franklin R E. The reaggregation of the A-protein of tobacco mosaic virus. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1957;23(1):199-201.

191. Klug a; kreuzer f; roughton f j. Simultaneous diffusion and chemical reaction in thin layers of haemoglobin solution. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing papers of a Biological character. Royal Society (Great Britain) 1956;145(921):452-72.

192. Franklin R E; Klug A. The nature of the helical groove on the tobacco mosiac virus particle; x-ray diffraction studies. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1956;19(3):403-16.

193. Klug A; Kreuzer F; Roughton F J. The diffusion of oxygen in concentrated haemoglobin solutions. Helvetica physiologica et pharmacologica acta 1956;14(2):212-8.



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    Director and Leading Researcher
    MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge